Matrix metalloproteinase-9
MMP9proteinMMP-9 degrades extracellular matrix in the atherosclerotic fibrous cap, promoting rupture and thrombotic exposure.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepFibrous-cap degradation & rupture
Confidencehigh
RationaleAnchor molecule; fibrous-cap matrix degradation and plaque rupture.
Druggability
DruggableYes
Known drugs / candidates5
Small-molecule tractableYes
Antibody tractableYes
EnsemblENSG00000100985
Type I vs Type II discrimination
ScoresShared / rises in both
R — rupture / Type-I67
C — confounder / Type-II76
A — assay feasibility72
E — evidence strength75
T1DI (composite)25
Specificity differential (R−C)-9
Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)
1sepsis / systemic inflammationmag 3
2anemia / acute blood lossmag 3
3hypovolemia / dehydrationmag 2
4tachyarrhythmiamag 2
5hypoxemia / respiratory failuremag 2
6hypertensive emergencymag 2
7high-demand / peri-operative stressmag 2
Coverage: 7/7 confounders with evidence
Tier: deep-scored (abstract-extracted) · 23 supporting references. See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Class-level default (no specific cleared assay)— generic method inferred from analyte class; confirm against a specific product insert before use.
Specimen
Serum or plasma
Collection tube
Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST) · K2/K3-EDTA (lavender-top)
Method / principle
Sandwich immunoassay (ELISA) — research-grade unless a cleared assay exists
Reagent / substrate
Matched anti-target antibody pair (capture + labeled detection)
Platform
ELISA microplate or multiplex (Luminex/MSD)
Turnaround · availability
Send-out / research · Research-grade (no universal clinical assay)
Human genetic evidence
0.028
Open Targets association (STEMI)
Literature evidence(39)
- Biomarkers of in vivo platelet activation in coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis: communication from the SSC of the ISTH.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2025 · PMID 40685139 · doi
- Integrative transcriptomic analysis identifies an oxidative stress-associated diagnostic signature for myocardial infarction.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2025 · PMID 41222888 · doi
- Deciphering the clinical implication of an obesity-related gene signature as the novel biomarker for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis.Scientific reports · 2025 · PMID 41461688 · doi
- Identification of core genes shared by ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction using an integrated approach.Medicine · 2024 · PMID 38968466 · doi
- Dan-shen Yin attenuates myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction in rats: Molecular mechanism insights by integrated transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation.Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2024 · PMID 39522849 · doi
- COVID-19 infection-associated platelet and neutrophil activation is blunted by previous anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.British journal of haematology · 2023 · PMID 36883298 · doi
- Understanding aconite's anti-fibrotic effects in cardiac fibrosis.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2023 · PMID 37924690 · doi
- Macrophages secrete murinoglobulin-1 and galectin-3 to regulate neutrophil degranulation after myocardial infarction.Molecular omics · 2022 · PMID 35230372 · doi
- Restricted T-Cell Repertoire in the Epicardial Adipose Tissue of Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2022 · PMID 35880176 · doi
- Study on Proteomics-Based Aortic Dissection Molecular Markers Using iTRAQ Combined With Label Free Techniques.Frontiers in physiology · 2022 · PMID 35910577 · doi
- Meta-Analysis of Extracellular Matrix Dynamics after Myocardial Infarction Using RNA-Sequencing Transcriptomic Database.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022 · PMID 36555255 · doi
- Association of Neutrophil Activation, More Than Platelet Activation, With Thrombotic Complications in Coronavirus Disease 2019.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021 · PMID 33280009 · doi
- Factors which Influence the Levels of ST-2, Galectin-3 and MMP-9 in Acute Coronary Syndrome.Cardiovascular & hematological disorders drug targets · 2020 · PMID 31438834 · doi
- Change in matrix metalloproteinase 2, 3, and 9 levels at the time of and after acute atherothrombotic myocardial infarction.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2020 · PMID 31808123 · doi
- Expression of ectopic trypsin in atherosclerotic plaques and the effects of aprotinin on plaque stability.Archives of biochemistry and biophysics · 2020 · PMID 32603715 · doi
- Immune system-mediated atherosclerosis caused by deficiency of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in ApoE-/-mice.Cardiovascular research · 2019 · PMID 30101304 · doi
- Tongxinluo Attenuates Myocardiac Fibrosis after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats via Inhibition of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition.BioMed research international · 2019 · PMID 31317035 · doi
- Neutrophil proteome shifts over the myocardial infarction time continuum.Basic research in cardiology · 2019 · PMID 31418072 · doi
- Vitamin D is Related to Markers of Vulnerable Plaque in Acute Myocardial Infarction.Current vascular pharmacology · 2018 · PMID 28595560 · doi
- Novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Applications in clinical practice.Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences · 2018 · PMID 30457415 · doi
- Extracellular matrix proteomics identifies molecular signature of symptomatic carotid plaques.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2017 · PMID 28319050 · doi
- A genomic exploration identifies mechanisms that may explain adverse cardiovascular effects of COX-2 inhibitors.Scientific reports · 2017 · PMID 28860667 · doi
- Clinically significant novel biomarkers for prediction of first ever myocardial infarction: the Tromsø Study.Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics · 2015 · PMID 25613532 · doi
- Matrix metalloproteinase-9 index as a possible parameter for predicting acute coronary syndrome in diabetics.Vojnosanitetski pregled · 2015 · PMID 26165049 · doi
- The circular relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and inflammation following myocardial infarction.IUBMB life · 2015 · PMID 26269290 · doi
- Associations between circulating proteins and corresponding genes expressed in coronary thrombi in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Thrombosis research · 2015 · PMID 26475405 · doi
- Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9: a proximal biomarker for cardiac remodeling and a distal biomarker for inflammation.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2013 · PMID 23562601 · doi
- Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Folia biologica · 2013 · PMID 24280140 · doi
- Proteomic profiling of acute coronary thrombosis reveals a local decrease in pigment epithelium-derived factor in acute myocardial infarction.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2012 · PMID 22315956 · doi
- Comparison of inflammatory markers between diabetic and nondiabetic ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.Journal of cardiology · 2012 · PMID 22658696 · doi
- Plasma fractionation enriches post-myocardial infarction samples prior to proteomics analysis.International journal of proteomics · 2012 · PMID 22778955 · doi
- Dynamic expression of the main related indicators of thrombosis, inflammatory reaction and tissue damage in a rat model of myocardial infarction.Molecular medicine reports · 2011 · PMID 21567088 · doi
- Non-antibacterial tetracyclines modulate mediators of periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a mechanistic link between local and systemic inflammation.Pharmacological research · 2011 · PMID 21771657 · doi
- Novel biomarkers in diagnosing cardiac ischemia in the emergency department: a systematic review.Resuscitation · 2011 · PMID 22200578 · doi
- Matrix metalloproteinases in atherothrombosis.Progress in cardiovascular diseases · 2010 · PMID 20226959 · doi
- A timely diagnosis of myocardial infarction.Biomarkers in medicine · 2010 · PMID 20550472 · doi
- Pleiotropic roles of S100A12 in coronary atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2009 · PMID 19542470 · doi
- Non-traditional biomarkers of atherosclerosis in stable and unstable coronary artery disease, do they differ?Acute cardiac care · 2007 · PMID 17924231 · doi
- Soluble CD40 ligand and interleukin-6 in the coronary circulation after acute myocardial infarction.International journal of cardiology · 2006 · PMID 16376442 · doi