Beta-Thromboglobulin
PPBPproteinBeta-thromboglobulin is released upon platelet activation and serves as an early AMI biomarker of platelet recruitment.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepPlatelet adhesion & activation
Confidencehigh
RationaleAlpha-granule platelet activation marker in AMI and ACS; s5 anchor.
Druggability
DruggableYes
Known drugs / candidates0
Small-molecule tractableYes
Antibody tractableYes
EnsemblENSG00000163736
Type I vs Type II discrimination
ScoresLow-confidence (proxy)
R — rupture / Type-I88
C — confounder / Type-II70
A — assay feasibility68
E — evidence strength33
T1DI (composite)13
Specificity differential (R−C)+18
Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)
No confounder evidence retrieved.
Tier: light (literature co-occurrence proxy — lower confidence). See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Class-level default (no specific cleared assay)— generic method inferred from analyte class; confirm against a specific product insert before use.
Specimen
Serum or plasma
Collection tube
Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST) · K2/K3-EDTA (lavender-top)
Method / principle
Sandwich immunoassay (ELISA) — research-grade unless a cleared assay exists
Reagent / substrate
Matched anti-target antibody pair (capture + labeled detection)
Platform
ELISA microplate or multiplex (Luminex/MSD)
Turnaround · availability
Send-out / research · Research-grade (no universal clinical assay)
Literature evidence(25)
- Biomarkers of in vivo platelet activation in coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis: communication from the SSC of the ISTH.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2025 · PMID 40685139 · doi
- Molecular Biomarkers for In Vitro Thrombogenicity Assessment of Medical Device Materials.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · 2024 · PMID 39340365 · doi
- Effect of Atherogenic Index of Plasma on Pre-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Flow in Patients With ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction.Angiology · 2023 · PMID 37399526 · doi
- Which one of LDL-C /HDL-C ratio and non-HDL-C can better predict the severity of coronary artery disease in STEMI patients.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2022 · PMID 35843962 · doi
- Discovery of potential plasma protein biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction via proteomics.Journal of thoracic disease · 2019 · PMID 31656670 · doi
- rLj-RGD3, a novel recombinant toxin protein from Lampetra japonica, prevents coronary thrombosis-induced acute myocardial infarction by inhibiting platelet functions in rats.Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2018 · PMID 29407168 · doi
- Plasma-derived Extracellular Vesicles Contain Predictive Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Myocardial Ischemic (MI) Injury.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2016 · PMID 27234505 · doi
- Characterization of the platelet transcriptome by RNA sequencing in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Platelets · 2015 · PMID 26367242 · doi
- Platelet depletion, platelet activation and coagulation during treatment with hemodialysis.Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation · 2011 · PMID 21303224 · doi
- Relationship between release of platelet/endothelial biomarkers and plasma levels of sertraline and N-desmethylsertraline in acute coronary syndrome patients receiving SSRI treatment for depression.The American journal of psychiatry · 2005 · PMID 15932816 · doi
- Enhanced platelet/endothelial activation in depressed patients with acute coronary syndromes: evidence from recent clinical trials.Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis · 2003 · PMID 12960610 · doi
- Increases in circulating levels of monocyte-platelet and neutrophil-platelet complexes following hip arthroplasty.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2002 · PMID 11869168
- A reliable plasma marker of platelet activation: does it exist?American journal of hematology · 2002 · PMID 12111787 · doi
- Cardiopulmonary bypass induces release of soluble CD40 ligand.Circulation · 2002 · PMID 12070112 · doi
- Thrombogenesis in sickle cell disease.The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2001 · PMID 11385360 · doi
- Plasma and platelet plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction.Japanese circulation journal · 2000 · PMID 10952148 · doi
- Useful laboratory tests for studying thrombogenesis in acute cardiac syndromes.Clinical chemistry · 1998 · PMID 9702994
- Complete heparin-coated (CBAS) cardiopulmonary bypass and reduced systemic heparin dose; effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis.European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery · 1996 · PMID 8817142 · doi
- Thrombotic markers during myocardial infarction.Panminerva medica · 1995 · PMID 8869368
- Increased heparin-releasable platelet factor 4 and D dimer in patients one month after the onset of acute myocardial infarction: persistent activation of platelets and the coagulation/fibrinolytic system.International journal of cardiology · 1994 · PMID 7737755 · doi
- [Biological manifestations of a prethrombotic state in developmental Crohn's disease].Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique · 1990 · PMID 2188861
- Fibrin formation and platelet activation in patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteries.European heart journal · 1989 · PMID 2524385 · doi
- Fibrin formation and platelet aggregation in patients with severe coronary artery disease: relationship with the degree of myocardial ischemia.Circulation · 1985 · PMID 2408785 · doi
- Fibrinopeptide A and beta thromboglobulin in patients with angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction.American heart journal · 1984 · PMID 6197872 · doi
- Fibrinopeptide A, platelet factor 4, and beta-thromboglobulin levels in coronary heart disease.Blood · 1982 · PMID 6179552
Omics datasets(1)
- GSE277891GEOThe response of human coronary artery endothelial cells to PPBP treatment