Apolipoprotein B
APOBproteinApoB-containing lipoproteins are retained in the subendothelium and oxidatively modified, initiating atherogenesis.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepLipid retention & oxidation
Confidencehigh
RationaleApoB is the structural protein of atherogenic lipoproteins; substrate for LDL oxidation.
Druggability
DruggableYes
Known drugs / candidates2
Small-molecule tractableYes
Antibody tractableYes
EnsemblENSG00000084674
Type I vs Type II discrimination
ScoresShared / rises in both
R — rupture / Type-I67
C — confounder / Type-II67
A — assay feasibility84
E — evidence strength60
T1DI (composite)25
Specificity differential (R−C)0
Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)
1sepsis / systemic inflammationmag 2
2anemia / acute blood lossn/a
3hypovolemia / dehydrationmag 2
4tachyarrhythmian/a
5hypoxemia / respiratory failuren/a
6hypertensive emergencyn/a
7high-demand / peri-operative stressmag 2
Coverage: 3/7 confounders with evidence
Tier: deep-scored (abstract-extracted) · 16 supporting references. See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Validated clinical assay
Specimen
Serum or plasma
Collection tube
Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST)
Method / principle
Immunoturbidimetric/nephelometric
Reagent / substrate
Anti-apoB antibody-latex
Platform
Automated analyzer
Turnaround · availability
Routine · Universal
Human genetic evidence
0.534
Open Targets association (myocardial_infarction)
2
GWAS associations
Traits: myocardial infarction
Literature evidence(49)
- Integrative Proteomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With PCSK9 Antibodies and Statins.Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine · 2026 · PMID 41664920 · doi
- Atherogenic responsibility of lipoprotein (a) and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in acute coronary syndrome.Atherosclerosis · 2025 · PMID 41092520 · doi
- APOB and CCL17 as mediators in the protective effect of SGLT2 inhibition against myocardial infarction: Insights from proteome-wide mendelian randomization.European journal of pharmacology · 2024 · PMID 38679119 · doi
- Quality Assurance for Multiplex Quantitative Clinical Chemistry Proteomics in Large Clinical Trials.The journal of applied laboratory medicine · 2024 · PMID 39239905 · doi
- Quantifying Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Atherogenicity, Associations With Inflammation, and Implications for Risk Assessment Using Non-HDL Cholesterol.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024 · PMID 39322327 · doi
- Clinical and Genomic Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Subtypes.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2024 · PMID 39633571 · doi
- Quartet of APOCs and the Different Roles They Play in Diabetes.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2023 · PMID 37226733 · doi
- Lipoprotein Apheresis: Current Recommendations for Treating Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Elevated Lipoprotein(a).Current atherosclerosis reports · 2023 · PMID 37273067 · doi
- Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in East Asians and Europeans.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2023 · PMID 37704428 · doi
- Apolipoproteins as potential communicators play an essential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of early atherosclerosis.International journal of biological sciences · 2023 · PMID 37781031 · doi
- Oxidized phospholipids in cardiovascular disease.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2023 · PMID 37848630 · doi
- Association of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Individuals With and Without Atherosclerosis: Distinguishing Between Particle Concentration, Type, and Content.JAMA cardiology · 2022 · PMID 34773460 · doi
- Prognostic significance of metabolomic biomarkers in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022 · PMID 35525960 · doi
- Ambient Air Pollution and Atherosclerosis: A Potential Mediating Role of Sphingolipids.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2022 · PMID 35652334 · doi
- Low-density lipoprotein nanomedicines: mechanisms of targeting, biology, and theranostic potential.Drug delivery · 2021 · PMID 33594923 · doi
- Translating genetic association of lipid levels for biological and clinical application.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2021 · PMID 33604704 · doi
- Integrative analysis of liver-specific non-coding regulatory SNPs associated with the risk of coronary artery disease.American journal of human genetics · 2021 · PMID 33626337 · doi
- Promoting athero-protective immunity by vaccination with low density lipoprotein-derived antigens.Atherosclerosis · 2021 · PMID 34462127 · doi
- Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation improves lipid metabolism and endothelial function by providing a beneficial eicosanoid-pattern in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A randomized, controlled trial.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2020 · PMID 33041091 · doi
- Role of LOX-1 (Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) as a Cardiovascular Risk Predictor: Mechanistic Insight and Potential Clinical Use.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2020 · PMID 33176449 · doi
- HDL Phospholipids, but Not Cholesterol Distinguish Acute Coronary Syndrome From Stable Coronary Artery Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2019 · PMID 31131674 · doi
- Lowering Targeted Atherogenic Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goals for Patients at "Extreme" ASCVD Risk.Current diabetes reports · 2019 · PMID 31754844 · doi
- Impact of Lipoproteins on Atherobiology: Emerging Insights.Cardiology clinics · 2018 · PMID 29609748 · doi
- Triglyceride Rich Lipoprotein -LPL-VLDL Receptor and Lp(a)-VLDL Receptor Pathways for Macrophage Foam Cell Formation.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2017 · PMID 28428482 · doi
- [Congenital disorders of lipoprotein metabolism].Herz · 2017 · PMID 28555288 · doi
- Clinically significant novel biomarkers for prediction of first ever myocardial infarction: the Tromsø Study.Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics · 2015 · PMID 25613532 · doi
- The human HDL proteome displays high inter-individual variability and is altered dynamically in response to angioplasty-induced atheroma plaque rupture.Journal of proteomics · 2014 · PMID 24747125 · doi
- LOX-1 in atherosclerotic disease.Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry · 2014 · PMID 25463747 · doi
- Extended-release niacin/laropiprant improves endothelial function in patients after myocardial infarction.Heart and vessels · 2013 · PMID 23712600 · doi
- The metabolic and pharmacologic bases for treating atherogenic dyslipidaemia.Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · 2013 · PMID 24840265 · doi
- Acrolein-conjugated low-density lipoprotein induces macrophage foam cell formation.Atherosclerosis · 2012 · PMID 23305793 · doi
- Cell-mediated lipoprotein transport: a novel anti-atherogenic concept.Atherosclerosis. Supplements · 2010 · PMID 20427243 · doi
- [Front line of oxidized lipoproteins: role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease risk].Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology · 2010 · PMID 20662275
- Lipoprotein size and susceptibility to atherosclerosis--insights from genetically modified mouse models.Current drug targets · 2008 · PMID 18336235 · doi
- Lipid and lipoprotein profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology · 2008 · PMID 18418429 · doi
- Oxidation of LDL and its clinical implication.Autoimmunity reviews · 2008 · PMID 18625445 · doi
- Plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein are associated with stable angina pectoris and modalities of acute coronary syndrome.International heart journal · 2008 · PMID 18971563 · doi
- The apoB/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a target for lipid-lowering therapy--a review of the evidence.Journal of internal medicine · 2006 · PMID 16629855 · doi
- Lipoprotein retention--and clues for atheroma regression.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2005 · PMID 16055756 · doi
- Blood glucose and platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2000 · PMID 10676673 · doi
Showing 40 of 49 linked references.
Clinical trials(3)
- The Advancing Cardiac Care Unit-based Rapid Assessment and Treatment of hypErcholesterolemia (ACCURATE) StudyNCT05218005 · NA · COMPLETED · Research-based genetic test for Familial Hypercholesterolemia
- A Prospective Registry to Assess Atherosclerosis Risk Factors and Their Relationship With Coronary Plaque Properties and Genetic Variations in Patients With Early Atherosclerosis of Unclear Origin.NCT06393894 · RECRUITING · Near infrared spectroscopy, Genetic testing for LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 and LDLRAP1 mutations and niR-126, -145 and -155 expression.
- Efficacy of Lipid-Lowering Therapy Based on Apolipoprotein B Versus LDL-Cholesterol Levels in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled TrialNCT06626126 · NA · NOT_YET_RECRUITING · ApoB-guided-LLT, LDL-C-guided-LLT