Lipid retention & oxidation

ApoB-lipoprotein retention in the subendothelial intima and their oxidative modification — the initiating substrate of atherogenesis.

256 molecules · 83 druggable · 20 with clinical trials

Canonical markers: LDL, Lipoprotein(a), oxidized LDL, ApoB

LDL cholesterol

LDL accumulation in the arterial intima is the initiating substrate of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

60 refs6 trials

Oxidized LDL

Oxidized LDL drives plaque formation, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in atherothrombotic disease.

60 refs2 trials

HDL

HDL exerts atheroprotective effects via reverse cholesterol transport, antioxidant activity, and endothelial stabilization.

60 refs

Apolipoprotein BAPOB

ApoB-containing lipoproteins are retained in the subendothelium and oxidatively modified, initiating atherogenesis.

49 refs3 trialsgeneticdruggable

Lipoprotein(a)LPA

Lipoprotein(a) is an ApoB-containing lipoprotein retained in the subendothelial intima where it undergoes oxidative modification; its apo(a) moiety confers inde

46 refs19 trialsgeneticdruggable

Apolipoprotein A-IAPOA1

ApoA-I is the major HDL component mediating reverse cholesterol transport and endothelial protective effects; reduced levels indicate atherosclerotic burden.

30 refs1 trialsdruggable

Apolipoprotein EAPOE

Apolipoprotein E is a lipoprotein structural protein and receptor ligand whose genetic polymorphisms influence LDL metabolism, lipoprotein retention, and athero

26 refs1 omicsgeneticdruggable

PCSK9PCSK9

PCSK9 regulates LDL-receptor degradation, controlling LDL-C levels and subendothelial lipid retention underlying atherosclerosis.

25 refs20 trials1 omicsgeneticdruggable

Lysophosphatidylcholine

Lysophosphatidylcholine, a bioactive lipid species derived from lipoprotein remodeling, promotes atherosclerosis and altered lipid homeostasis in Type 1 MI.

23 refs

Lectin-like Oxidized LDL Receptor 1

LOX-1 mediates uptake of oxidized LDL by endothelial cells and macrophages, fueling plaque lipid accumulation and inflammation.

22 refs

Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein

VLDL, an apoB-containing atherogenic lipoprotein, accumulates in the arterial intima where it undergoes oxidative modification, initiating atherosclerotic plaqu

21 refs

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine species composition of lipoproteins and plaques reflects atherogenesis severity and plaque lipid core character.

18 refs

LDL ReceptorLDLR

LDLR mediates LDL endocytosis; mutations impair LDL clearance, driving lipid retention and accelerated atherogenesis.

17 refs3 trials1 omicsgeneticdruggable

Sphingomyelin

Sphingomyelin alters LDL aggregation susceptibility and membrane integrity, contributing to lipid retention and oxidative modification in the atherosclerotic le

17 refs

HDL cholesterol

HDL removes cholesterol and phospholipid hydroperoxides from lesions, opposing atherosclerotic lipid accumulation.

16 refs1 trials

Ceramide

Ceramide is a pro-atherogenic bioactive lipid that drives altered lipid metabolism, LDL aggregation, foam-cell formation and atherosclerotic plaque progression.

16 refs

Triglycerides

Elevated triglycerides promote atherosclerotic lipid deposition and dysfunctional lipoprotein remodeling.

15 refs2 trials

Trimethylamine N-oxide

TMAO promotes lipid oxidation, plaque inflammation and destabilization, increasing atherothrombotic rupture and thrombotic risk.

13 refs

Ceramides

Ceramide elevation is a biomarker of atherosclerotic disease progression and cardiometabolic lipid stress in acute MI.

10 refs

Apolipoprotein C3APOC3

ApoC3 on atherogenic remnants attenuates clearance and intensifies subendothelial lipid retention, plaque inflammation, and rupture risk in Type 1 MI.

9 refsdruggable

Paraoxonase 1PON1

PON1 is an HDL-associated esterase that hydrolyzes oxidized phospholipids in LDL, preventing lipid-core accumulation and plaque inflammation.

9 refsgeneticdruggable

Lipoprotein lipaseLPL

Rate-limiting enzyme hydrolyzing triglycerides in atherogenic lipoproteins, regulated by ANGPTL inhibitors.

8 refsgeneticdruggable

Oxidized Phospholipids

Oxidized phospholipids generated from atherosclerotic lipid oxidation drive plaque inflammation and vascular cell activation in atherothrombotic cascade.

8 refs

triglyceride

Elevated triglycerides reflect accumulation of atherogenic lipoproteins in the intima, driving oxidative lipid modification and atherosclerotic plaque formation

7 refs1 trials

Cholesterol

Cholesterol and atherogenic lipoprotein-associated cholesterol drive intimal retention, foam cell formation, inflammasome activation, and plaque destabilization

7 refs

Sortilin 1SORT1

Hepatic lipid-sorter regulating LDL metabolism and ApoB lipoprotein retention, driving atherothrombotic MI risk.

7 refsgeneticdruggable

Apolipoprotein C-IAPOC1

ApoC-I regulates lipoprotein metabolism and is associated with both retained lipid burden and systemic inflammation in atherosclerosis.

6 refsgeneticdruggable

Intermediate-density lipoprotein

IDL is retained in the arterial intima and undergoes oxidative modification, seeding atherosclerotic plaque formation.

6 refs

Lipase A, lysosomal acid typeLIPA

LIPA expressed in monocytes and macrophages catalyzes cholesterol-ester hydrolysis in the atherosclerotic lesion, exacerbating lipid retention and inflammation.

6 refsgeneticdruggable

Phosphatidylinositol

Phosphatidylinositol is a structural lipoprotein lipid altered by oxidative stress; reduced levels in MI-prone and vascular disease states mark lipid peroxidati

6 refs

PPARGPPARG

PPARG promotes reverse cholesterol transport and resolves post-MI inflammation, opposing atherosclerotic lipid accumulation.

6 refsdruggable

Triacylglycerols

Elevated triacylglycerols in plaque and thrombus mark atherosclerotic burden, plaque vulnerability, and thrombotic risk.

6 refs

Total cholesterol

Circulating total cholesterol, particularly in apoB-lipoproteins, drives subendothelial lipid retention and plaque formation.

5 refs1 trials

Angiopoietin-like 3ANGPTL3

ANGPTL3 reduces triglyceride-rich lipoprotein atherogenicity and predicts adverse atherosclerotic events.

5 refsdruggable

Angiopoietin-like 4ANGPTL4

ANGPTL4 inhibits lipoprotein lipase, impairing ApoB-lipoprotein clearance and promoting atherogenic dyslipidemia and lipid retention in Type 1 MI.

5 refsdruggable

Cholesteryl esters

Cholesteryl esters accumulate in foam cells and atherogenic lipoproteins, driving plaque formation and remodeling post-MI.

5 refs

lysophosphatidylethanolamine

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine dysregulation in monocytes and plaques associates with CAD risk, plaque burden, and acute coronary events.

5 refs

Non-HDL cholesterol

Non-HDL cholesterol quantifies circulating atherogenic lipoproteins driving subendothelial lipid retention and oxidative modification.

5 refs

Plasmalogens

Plasmalogens are atheroprotective alkenylphospholipids whose depletion associates with atherosclerotic plaque instability and acute coronary syndrome.

5 refs

Small dense LDL

Small dense LDL particles are highly atherogenic, readily retained in the arterial intima, and oxidized to promote atherosclerotic plaque initiation.

5 refs

Fatty acids

Fatty acid composition and metabolism influence lipoprotein atherogenicity and vascular endothelial function in atherothrombotic disease.

4 refs6 trials

Cholesteryl ester

Cholesteryl esters accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques as the core lipid component, marking lipid-rich plaque burden and cardiovascular risk.

4 refs1 trials

Choline

Dietary and metabolic marker associated with lipid retention, plaque inflammation, and thrombotic MI risk.

4 refs1 trials

Remnant Cholesterol

Remnant lipoproteins accumulate in the arterial intima and undergo oxidative modification, initiating atherosclerotic plaque formation.

4 refs1 trials

Triacylglycerol

Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins are retained in plaque and promote atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability.

4 refs1 trials

Apolipoprotein A-IVAPOA4

Apolipoprotein involved in lipid metabolism and stress-response pathways affecting coronary risk.

4 refsdruggable

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1ABCA1

ABCA1 mediates reverse cholesterol transport and HDL particle biogenesis, reducing atherosclerotic lipid burden.

4 refs6 omicsdruggable

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter G1ABCG1

ABCG1 hypermethylation in CHD impairs cholesterol efflux and lipid homeostasis, promoting lipid retention and atherogenesis.

4 refsdruggable

Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4FABP4

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 4 reflects lipid trafficking and plaque instability, predicting atherosclerotic progression and adverse events.

4 refsdruggable

Immunoglobulin M

IgM autoantibodies targeting oxidized lipoproteins suppress lipid retention and promote clearance of modified LDL, reducing plaque burden.

4 refs

Malondialdehyde

MDA is generated by lipid peroxidation and reflects both LDL oxidation and oxidative damage to the endothelial glycocalyx.

3 refs1 trials

Angiopoietin-like 8ANGPTL8

Inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase controlling triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and remnant cholesterol metabolism in dyslipidemia.

3 refsdruggable

Apolipoprotein A-IIAPOA2

An HDL apolipoprotein whose plaque levels and modification state correlate with atherosclerotic progression and plaque destabilization.

3 refsdruggable

Apolipoprotein C-IIAPOC2

Apolipoprotein C-II modulates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism and is elevated in acute coronary syndrome.

3 refsdruggable

Apolipoprotein FAPOF

APOF modulates HDL-mediated lipid metabolism and LXR-pathway activation, affecting atherosclerotic lipid retention and post-MI remodeling.

3 refsdruggable

CELSR2CELSR2

CELSR2 genetic variants regulate lipid retention and atherogenic lipoprotein handling, driving atherosclerotic lesion formation.

3 refsgeneticdruggable

Cer(d18:1/18:0)

Cer(d18:1/18:0) amplifies lipid retention and inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaques, predicting adverse thrombotic events.

3 refs

Ceramide(d18:1/16:0)

Cer(d18:1/16:0) is a bioactive ceramide lipid associated with coronary artery disease severity and acute coronary syndrome prognosis.

3 refs

Docosahexaenoic acid

Docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, accumulates differentially in stable versus rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques and correlates wi

3 refs

Hexosylceramide

Altered hexosylceramide metabolism contributes to atherosclerotic plaque lipotoxicity and post-MI ventricular remodeling.

3 refs

Immunoglobulin G

IgG autoantibodies targeting oxidized LDL form circulating immune complexes that promote plaque inflammation and destabilization.

3 refs

LysoPC(18:2(9Z,12Z))

Lysophosphatidylcholine species altered in acute coronary syndrome, marking lipoprotein oxidation and inflammatory lipid-mediator activation.

3 refs

miR-122

miR-122 dysregulation impairs lipid homeostasis and is elevated early in myocardial infarction, linking to the lipid retention and oxidative modification phase

3 refs

Oxysterols

Oxysterols are biomarkers and drivers of ApoB-lipoprotein oxidation, the initiating substrate of atherosclerotic plaque formation and destabilization.

3 refs

palmitic acid

Palmitic acid elevation reflects disturbed lipid metabolism and inflammatory lipid signaling in acute coronary syndrome.

3 refs

Palmitoleic acid

Monounsaturated fatty acid elevated in ACS, reflecting ischemia-associated acylcarnitine dysmetabolism.

3 refs

Remnant lipoprotein

Remnant lipoproteins are retained and oxidized in the arterial intima, initiating atherosclerotic plaque formation and Type 1 MI risk.

3 refs

Sphingosine

Sphingosine dysmetabolism contributes to lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic plaque and myocardial injury.

3 refs

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein accumulation in subendothelium initiates lipid oxidation and atherogenic inflammation driving atherothrombotic MI.

3 refs

Zinc-Alpha-2-GlycoproteinAZGP1

AZGP1 promotes reverse cholesterol transport and suppresses inflammatory signaling, protecting against atherosclerotic lipid accumulation and plaque inflammatio

3 refsdruggable

Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 1ACSL1

ACSL1 overexpression in macrophages drives lipid uptake and esterification, promoting foam-cell formation and plaque destabilization.

2 refsdruggable

APODAPOD

APOD deficiency impairs HDL-mediated lipid homeostasis and anti-inflammatory signaling, promoting lipid retention and plaque inflammation.

2 refsdruggable

Apolipoprotein A-VAPOA5

APOA5 accelerates lipoprotein lipase function, modulating ApoB-lipoprotein clearance and atherogenic dyslipidemia in Type 1 MI.

2 refsgeneticdruggable

Apolipoprotein C

Apolipoprotein C mediates lipid metabolism and HDL remodeling; its altered expression during plaque rupture and coronary events reflects changes in lipoprotein

2 refs

Campesterol

Campesterol, a plant sterol, is elevated in CAD/MI and reflects altered lipid metabolism and atherogenic lipid retention.

2 refs

CATCAT

CAT dysregulation impairs hydrogen-peroxide clearance, allowing lipid-driven oxidative stress to amplify atherosclerotic lesion progression.

2 refsdruggable

Ceramide (d18:1/24:0)

Ceramide accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques associates with ACS susceptibility and stenosis severity.

2 refs

Ceramide(d18:1/24:1)

Cer(d18:1/24:1) is a bioactive ceramide lipid associated with coronary artery disease severity and acute coronary syndrome prognosis.

2 refs

Complement Receptor 1CR1

CR1 modulates complement-dependent oxidized lipoprotein clearance and inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaque.

2 refsdruggable

CYP1B1CYP1B1

CYP1B1 catalyzes oxidative metabolism and lipid peroxidation amplifying atherosclerotic inflammation and lesion progression.

2 refsdruggable

Desialylated LDL

Desialylated LDL is a glycosylation-modified form with reduced clearance and enhanced atherogenic lipoprotein retention in the arterial intima and immune activa

2 refs

Diacylglycerols

Elevated diacylglycerols in atherosclerotic plaque and thrombus influence lipid-mediated inflammation and platelet activation.

2 refs

dihydroceramide

Dihydroceramide accumulation correlates with oxidative modification of retained lipoproteins and inflammatory lipid signaling in plaques.

2 refs

Glutathione peroxidaseGPX1

Glutathione peroxidase limits oxidative modification of retained lipoproteins and protects endothelial function.

2 refsdruggable

Hepatic lipaseLIPC

Hepatic lipase remodels lipoprotein composition through triglyceride and phospholipid hydrolysis, influencing atherogenic lipoprotein heterogeneity.

2 refsdruggable

Lysophosphatidylcholine a C17:0

Lysophosphatidylcholine a C17:0 is an oxidized lipid product characteristic of acute coronary syndrome metabolomic profiles.

2 refs

lysophosphatidylcholines

Lysophosphatidylcholines are oxidized phospholipid metabolites that promote inflammatory signaling and contribute to plaque destabilization in acute coronary sy

2 refs

Malondialdehyde-modified LDL

Malondialdehyde-modified LDL is an oxidized ApoB-lipoprotein derivative driving plaque lipid-core accumulation and inflammatory macrophage recruitment.

2 refs

miR-33

MicroRNA controlling ABCA1 and SREBP-mediated lipid metabolism, modulating lipoprotein retention and atherogenesis initiation.

2 refs

Oleic acid

Oleic acid dysregulation in ACS-HTN reflects aberrant lipid metabolism and metabolic comorbidity-specific signatures in acute myocardial injury.

2 refs

Oxidized HDL

Oxidized HDL loses its antiatherogenic properties and promotes foam cell formation and plaque inflammation.

2 refs

Paraoxonase 3PON3

Antioxidant enzyme reducing oxidative modification of lipoproteins and limiting atherosclerotic lesion progression.

2 refsdruggable

Phosphatidylethanolamines

Phosphatidylethanolamine enrichment in atherosclerotic lipoproteins reflects atherogenic lipid remodeling.

2 refs

Plasmalogen

Plasmalogens are ether-linked lipids with antioxidant function; their reduction in MI-prone and atherosclerotic vessels marks increased oxidative burden.

2 refs

Proline/Serine-Rich Coiled-Coil 1PSRC1

A genetic locus influencing atherosclerotic plaque development and MI susceptibility, likely through lipid or metabolic pathways.

2 refsgenetic

Sphingomyelins

Sphingomyelin composition of lipoproteins and atherosclerotic plaques influences lipid-driven atherogenesis.

2 refs

Superoxide Dismutase 1SOD1

SOD1 catalyzes superoxide dismutation, reducing oxidative stress and preventing LDL oxidation that would otherwise accelerate plaque lipid-core expansion.

2 refsdruggable

Triacylglycerol 52:4

A specific triacylglycerol species enriched in calcified coronary plaque that contributes to lipid retention and atherogenic progression.

2 refs

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein cholesterol is an atherogenic lipoprotein fraction that independently predicts atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

2 refs

Cholesteryl ester transfer proteinCETP

CETP modulates HDL cholesterol content and ApoB-lipoprotein metabolism, influencing atherosclerotic burden.

1 refs1 trialsdruggable

Eicosapentaenoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, associates with plaque stability and suppresses thromboxane-driven platelet aggregation.

1 refs1 trials

Vitamin E

Vitamin E depletion reflects oxidative stress during LDL modification and lipid-core pathogenesis in atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refs1 trials

2-ketobutyric acid

2-ketobutyric acid accumulation reflects altered branched-chain amino-acid metabolism and plaque lipotoxicity in ACS.

1 refs

4-Cholestenone

Oxidized steroid metabolite indicative of lipoprotein oxidation and prothrombotic lipid environment.

1 refs

7-hydroperoxycholesterol

7-hydroperoxycholesterol reflects cholesterol oxidation in the atherosclerotic intima and triggers endothelial injury.

1 refs

7-Ketocholesterol

Oxidized cholesterol metabolite biomarker for lipid peroxidation, plaque destabilization, and thrombotic MI.

1 refs

8-iso-PGF2α

8-iso-PGF2α quantifies free-radical-driven lipid peroxidation in atherogenic lipoprotein oxidation and plaque destabilization.

1 refs

9(R)-HODE

9(R)-HODE is an oxidized linoleic acid metabolite reflecting lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in acute myocardial events.

1 refs

A4GNTA4GNT

A4GNT modulates glycosylation of lipoproteins and immune receptors, influencing oxidative modification and inflammatory responses in atherogenesis.

1 refsdruggable

Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 5ABHD5

ABHD5 modulates lipid catabolism affecting circulating and arterial lipid burden.

1 refsdruggable

Acyl-alkyl-phosphatidylcholine C36:3

Acyl-alkyl (plasmalogen) phosphatidylcholine composition independently predicts MI risk via altered lipoprotein biology.

1 refs

ALOX15ALOX15

ALOX15 catalyzes lipoxygenase-mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated lipids, generating oxidized phospholipids and cholesterol oxides in atherosclerotic lesions.

1 refsdruggable

Anti-oxidized LDL antibodies

Anti-oxLDL antibodies reflect the extent of lipoprotein oxidative modification, a key atherogenic signal in subendothelial lipid retention.

1 refs

Apolipoprotein C-IVAPOC4

APOC4 regulates lipoprotein metabolism and lipid composition; decreased levels may reflect altered lipid handling during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Arachidic acid

Saturated long-chain fatty acid associated with increased atherogenic lipid metabolism and ACS risk.

1 refs

ARHGAP36ARHGAP36

ARHGAP36 dysregulation contributes to vascular calcification and atherosclerotic plaque maturation in Type 1 MI.

1 refsdruggable

ATP-binding cassette transporter A5ABCA5

ABC transporter regulating reverse cholesterol transport; altered expression modulates lipid burden in atherosclerotic lesions.

1 refsdruggable

Carbamylated LDL

Carbamylated LDL is an oxidatively modified lipoprotein variant retained in the subendothelium that triggers macrophage activation and plaque inflammation.

1 refs

Cartilage Intermediate Layer Protein 2CILP2

CILP2 regulates oxidative lipid metabolism and lipoprotein handling in atherosclerotic plaque formation.

1 refsdruggable

Cer(d16:1/20:0)

Ceramide d16:1/20:0 accumulates in atherogenic conditions and modulates lipid metabolism and glucose-lipid coupling in atherosclerosis.

1 refs

Ceramide (18:0)

Ceramide (18:0) accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions and predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes through altered lipid metabolism and plaque destabilization.

1 refs

Ceramide (24:0)

Ceramide (24:0) accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions and predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes through altered lipid metabolism and plaque composition.

1 refs

Ceramide (24:1)

Ceramide (24:1) dysregulation predicts major adverse cardiovascular events through altered sphingolipid metabolism in atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refs

Ceramide C16:0

Ceramide C16:0 accumulates in ischemic myocardium and drives cardiomyocyte apoptosis, predicting major adverse cardiovascular events.

1 refs

Ceramide d18:0/20:0

A specific ceramide species enriched in calcified atherosclerotic plaque involved in lipid accumulation and vascular inflammation.

1 refs

Ceramide(d18:1/18:0)

Ceramide(d18:1/18:0) accumulation reflects lipid dysmetabolism and vascular inflammation in acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

Cholesterol ester

Cholesterol esters accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques and correlate with MI risk; elevated in vulnerable lesions.

1 refs

Chylomicron

Chylomicron remnants are postprandial atherogenic lipoproteins that promote vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque development.

1 refs

CO2CO2

CO2 mitochondrial dysfunction elevates ROS production, promoting oxidative lipid modification and systemic inflammation in obesity-associated CAD.

1 refs

DAZAP2DAZAP2

DAZAP2 is associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression, likely through effects on lipid metabolism or inflammatory-cell activation.

1 refs

Dehydrogenase/Reductase 13DHRS13

DHRS13 dysregulation may alter lipid oxidation and atherogenic lipid accumulation.

1 refsdruggable

Diacyl-phosphatidylcholine C38:3

Specific phosphatidylcholine species composition predicts plaque lipid burden and MI risk independent of standard lipid levels.

1 refs

Diacyl-phosphatidylcholine C40:4

Specific phosphatidylcholine species composition predicts plaque lipid burden and MI risk independent of standard lipid levels.

1 refs

Diacylglycerol

Diacylglycerol accumulation drives lipotoxicity and contributes to atherosclerotic plaque lipid-core formation and lesion progression.

1 refs

Diacylglycerol (18:1/18:2)

Diacylglycerol species accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions and drive lipid-driven plaque inflammation and progression.

1 refs

Diacylglycerol 18:1_20:0

Diacylglycerol 18:1_20:0 is a lipid biomarker of calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque, reflecting advanced lesion mineralization.

1 refs

Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2DGAT2

DGAT2 regulates triacylglycerol formation affecting systemic and vascular lipid content.

1 refsdruggable

Dihexosylceramide d18:1/16:0

A specific dihexosylceramide species enriched in calcified atherosclerotic plaque contributing to lipid retention.

1 refs

Dihydrosphingosine

Dihydrosphingosine elevation reflects altered sphingolipid metabolism associated with cardiovascular risk.

1 refs

Discs Large Homolog 2DLG2

DLG2 represents a CAD-associated locus with pleiotropic roles in lipid metabolism and vascular signaling.

1 refsdruggable

DOCK7DOCK7

DOCK7 harbors ANGPTL3 regulatory variants affecting triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels and plaque lipid burden.

1 refs

DystrophinDMD

DMD deficiency impairs vascular smooth-muscle integrity and lipid-handling capacity, contributing to atherosclerotic vulnerability.

1 refsdruggable

Endothelial lipaseLIPG

Endothelial lipase controls local lipid accumulation and endothelial lipoprotein metabolism in atherosclerosis.

1 refsdruggable

Enzymatically modified LDL

An enzymatically modified LDL variant that enhances macrophage lipid uptake and promotes plaque inflammation and lipid retention.

1 refs

Ether glycerolipids

Ether glycerolipids in RBC membranes impair hemostasis and contribute to coronary atherosclerotic disease.

1 refs

Ether-phosphatidylcholine

Ether-phospholipids accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques and correlate with plaque progression and vulnerability.

1 refs

Ether-type phosphatidylethanolamines

Ether-type phosphatidylethanolamines are antioxidant lipids whose depletion reflects oxidative stress and advanced atherosclerotic disease.

1 refs

extremely large VLDL particles

Extremely large VLDL particles are ApoB-containing lipoproteins that accumulate in the arterial intima, undergo oxidation, and initiate atherosclerotic plaque f

1 refs

F2-isoprostanes

F2-isoprostanes are non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation products reflecting oxidative stress in atherosclerotic plaque and atherothrombotic progression.

1 refs

Fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids

Oxygenated lipid esters mark advanced lipid oxidation and plaque vulnerability.

1 refs

Free cholesterol

Free cholesterol accumulates in retained ApoB-lipoproteins and undergoes oxidation, initiating plaque formation and destabilization.

1 refs

Free fatty acids

Elevated free fatty acids promote lipid retention, oxidation, and plaque destabilization.

1 refs

Glycolithocholic acid

A secondary bile acid whose reduction in male CAD associates with altered lipid metabolism and atherogenic dyslipidemia.

1 refs

Glycosylated HDL

Glycosylated HDL is a dysfunctional HDL form that loses antiatherogenic properties and contributes to atherosclerosis risk.

1 refs

Glycosylated LDL

Glycosylated LDL is a modified form retained in arterial intima and promotes atherogenesis through oxidative modification.

1 refs

GPI-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1GPIHBP1

GPIHBP1 anchors lipoprotein lipase at the endothelial surface, regulating triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and lipid substrate retention.

1 refsdruggable

GSRGSR

GSR expression increases in response to oxidized-LDL, sustaining antioxidant capacity against oxidative modification of retained lipids.

1 refsdruggable

HDL Particle Number

HDL particle number predicts cardiovascular event risk through reverse cholesterol transport efficiency.

1 refs

HDL-1 (large HDL)

Large HDL particles mediate reverse cholesterol transport and protect against lipid retention and atherosclerosis progression.

1 refs

HDL3

HDL3 participates in reverse cholesterol transport with diminished antiplatelet capacity compared to HDL2.

1 refs

IgM anti-phosphorylcholine

Reduced IgM anti-PC fails to neutralize oxidized phospholipid epitopes on atherogenic lipoproteins, increasing thrombotic risk.

1 refs

INSIG1INSIG1

INSIG1 controls SREBP-mediated lipid synthesis, suppressing cholesterol uptake and regulating lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Isoundecylic acid

Branched-chain fatty acid associated with altered lipid metabolism and plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis.

1 refs

KaptinKPTN

KPTN regulates lipid metabolism pathways contributing to CAD susceptibility.

1 refsdruggable

Kruppel Like Factor 14KLF14

KLF14 regulates lipid metabolism and ApoB-lipoprotein processing, modulating substrate for atherogenesis.

1 refs

LacCer(d18:1/16:0)

LacCer(d18:1/16:0) contributes to lipid retention and metabolic dysregulation in atherosclerotic lesions.

1 refs

LactoperoxidaseLPO

Lactoperoxidase-mediated oxidative stress contributes to lipoprotein oxidation and plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

large VLDL particles

Large VLDL particles are ApoB-containing lipoproteins that accumulate in the arterial intima, undergo oxidation, and initiate atherosclerotic plaque formation a

1 refs

LCATLCAT

LCAT controls phospholipid and cholesterol ester metabolism on HDL, influencing net atherogenic lipid burden.

1 refs1 omicsdruggable

LDL-5 (small dense LDL)

Small dense LDL particles are preferentially retained and oxidized in the arterial intima, driving early atherosclerotic lesion formation.

1 refs

LDL-sphingomyelins

LDL sphingomyelin content reflects lipoprotein composition changes; reduction by plant stanols lowers atherosclerotic burden.

1 refs

LDL-triacylglycerols

Elevated LDL triacylglycerol content indicates atherogenic lipoprotein remodeling that promotes intimal retention and oxidation.

1 refs

Lithocholic acid

A secondary bile acid whose reduction in male CAD associates with altered lipid metabolism and atherogenic dyslipidemia.

1 refs

LPCAT3LPCAT3

LPCAT3 catalyzes lipid peroxidation and oxidized-phospholipid remodeling, promoting oxidized-lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1LCLAT1

LCLAT1 remodels cardiolipin affecting mitochondrial function and ischemic vulnerability.

1 refsdruggable

Lysophosphatidylcholine (18:0)

Lysophosphatidylcholine is a lipid oxidation product and inflammatory mediator associated with lipoprotein modification and vascular inflammation in atheroscler

1 refs

Lysophosphatidylcholine O-18:1

Lysophosphatidylcholine O-18:1 is a lipid signature of fibrotic noncalcified coronary plaque phenotype relevant to rupture vulnerability.

1 refs

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (22:5/0:0)

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine is an oxidized phospholipid product that accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques and promotes inflammatory activation.

1 refs

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine 16:0

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine 16:0 is enriched in lipid-rich noncalcified plaque, marking high-risk atherogenic lesions susceptible to rupture.

1 refs

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine 18:0

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine 18:0 is enriched in lipid-rich noncalcified plaque, marking high-risk atherogenic lesions susceptible to rupture.

1 refs

Lysophosphatidylethanolamines

Elevated lysophosphatidylethanolamines reflect lipid remodeling and oxidative stress in atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refs

Lysophosphoethanolamines

Lysophosphoethanolamines accumulate in vulnerable plaques and promote lipid oxidation and inflammatory activation.

1 refs

Mannosyl (Alpha-1,3-)-Glycoprotein Beta-1,2-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1MGAT1

MGAT1 influences glycosylation of lipoprotein and inflammatory mediators relevant to atherosclerosis.

1 refsdruggable

Matrix Gla proteinMGP

Under-carboxylated MGP reflects vitamin K2 insufficiency, permitting arterial calcification and atherosclerotic burden.

1 refsdruggable

Membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 2MBOAT2

MBOAT2 regulates lipid remodeling in atherogenic lipoprotein metabolism and retention.

1 refsdruggable

Methylglyoxal

Reactive dicarbonyl that generates advanced glycation end-products, accelerating lipid oxidation and plaque inflammation.

1 refs

microRNA-210MIR210

miR-210 suppresses lipid-oxidation pathways and promotes hypoxic responses, modulating plaque lipid metabolism and inflammation.

1 refs

microRNA-21aMIR21

miR-21a suppresses lipid-homeostasis genes and enhances inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refs

microRNA-431-5pMIR431

miR-431-5p suppresses cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism genes, altering subendothelial lipid dynamics.

1 refs

microRNA-434-3pMIR434

miR-434-3p suppresses genes regulating lipoprotein metabolism, affecting subendothelial lipid accumulation.

1 refs

microRNA-677-5pMIR677

miR-677-5p suppresses cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism genes, altering subendothelial lipid dynamics.

1 refs

Minimally modified LDL

Minimally modified LDL is a partially oxidized form that initiates endothelial dysfunction and early plaque inflammation.

1 refs

miR-10b-5p

miR-10b-5p regulates cholesterol and LDL-C metabolism, affecting lipid substrate for atherogenesis.

1 refs

miR-1908-5p

miR-1908-5p modulates lipid and glucose metabolism, influencing atherogenic lipoprotein burden.

1 refs

miR-199a

miR-199a modulates lipid homeostasis and LDL-cholesterol levels, influencing atherothrombotic lipid burden.

1 refs

Monohexosylceramides

Monohexosylceramides are atherogenic lipid species that accumulate in plaques and promote inflammation.

1 refs

Monostearin

Monoglyceride lipid species reflecting lipid metabolism dysregulation in atherosclerotic lesion or post-intervention remodeling.

1 refs

Myristoylcarnitine

Acylcarnitine accumulation reflects impaired mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation and energy crisis in ischemic myocardium.

1 refs

Native LDL

ApoB-lipoprotein subclass retained in subendothelial intima; substrate for oxidative modification initiating atherosclerosis.

1 refs

ND4ND4

ND4 variants that optimize mitochondrial function reduce ROS production, limiting oxidative lipid modification and plaque inflammation.

1 refs

ND5ND5

ND5 mitochondrial dysfunction elevates ROS production, amplifying lipid oxidation and plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis.

1 refs

OsteocalcinBGLAP

Carboxylated osteocalcin status reflects vitamin K2 sufficiency; deficiency increases atherosclerotic and ischemic risk.

1 refsdruggable

Oxidized Non-esterified Fatty Acids

Oxidized non-esterified fatty acids promote oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque development and destabilization.

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Oxidized phospholipid

Oxidized phospholipids associated with atherogenic lipoproteins promote inflammatory plaque remodeling and instability.

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Palmitelaidic acid

Trans-unsaturated fatty acid reflecting dyslipidemia and atherogenic lipid remodeling in acute coronary syndrome.

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Paraoxonase 2PON2

Intracellular antioxidant enzyme limiting lipid peroxide formation and oxLDL generation during atherosclerotic lesion development.

1 refsdruggable

PDZ Domain Containing 1PDZK1

PDZK1 scaffolding regulates SR-BI expression and HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux, influencing lipid retention in the subendothelium.

1 refsdruggable

Phosphatidylcholine 32:0

Phosphatidylcholine 32:0 on LDL surface indicates aggregation-prone particle phenotype.

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Phosphatidylcholine 32:1

Phosphatidylcholine 32:1 on LDL surface is associated with reduced aggregation propensity.

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Phosphatidylcholine aa C32:1

Phosphatidylcholine species in lipoprotein particles; substrate for oxidative modification in atherosclerotic lesion formation.

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Phosphatidylcholine ae C32:2

Ether-linked phosphatidylcholine species in lipoprotein particles; substrate for oxidative modification in atherosclerotic lesion.

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Phosphatidylcholines

Phosphatidylcholines serve as oxidizable substrates in atherogenic lipoproteins and plaque, generating pro-inflammatory oxidized species.

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Phosphatidylinositol 16:0/18:2

Phosphatidylinositol species in LDL reflect lipid remodeling under statin therapy, indicating atherosclerotic lipid burden.

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Phosphatidylinositol 16:1/18:0

Phosphatidylinositol species composition predicts lipid-lowering therapeutic efficacy.

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Phosphatidylinositol 18:0/18:1

Phosphatidylinositol species reflect lipid composition changes in response to lipid-lowering therapy.

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Phosphatidylinositol 18:0/18:2

Phosphatidylinositol species in LDL track lipid remodeling under therapeutic intervention.

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Phospholipase A2 Group IIEPLA2G2E

Secreted phospholipase regulating lipoprotein remodeling and lipid metabolism in atherosclerotic lesion formation.

1 refsdruggable

Phospholipid phosphatase-related protein 2PLPPR2

PLPPR2 regulates phospholipid homeostasis affecting lipoprotein structure and atherogenicity.

1 refsdruggable

Phospholipid transfer proteinPLTP

PLTP facilitates lipoprotein remodeling and small dense LDL formation, promoting atherosclerotic plaque development.

1 refsdruggable

Plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine

Plasmanyl phosphatidylcholine is an antioxidant ether-lipid that reduces lipid peroxidation and atherosclerotic burden.

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Plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine

Plasmenyl phosphatidylethanolamine is an antioxidant ether-lipid that reduces lipid peroxidation and atherosclerotic burden.

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POVPC

An oxidized phosphatidylcholine species that accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques and triggers inflammatory macrophage activation.

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Protein carbonyl

Oxidative stress marker reflecting protein oxidation in atherosclerotic plaque and lipid peroxidation.

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PTENPTEN

PTEN regulates phosphoinositide signaling and lipid metabolism, modulating vascular inflammation downstream of anti-inflammatory IL-37.

1 refsdruggable

QSER1QSER1

QSER1 is associated with lipid metabolism and atherogenic dyslipidemia in coronary disease.

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Regulator of G-protein signaling 19RGS19

RGS19 influences APOB secretion and lipoprotein metabolism affecting CAD risk.

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Remnant lipoproteins

Remnant lipoproteins accumulate in the subendothelial space and drive foam cell formation, initiating atherosclerotic plaque.

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SGPP2SGPP2

SGPP2 regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling, affecting lipid metabolism and plaque-cell activation during atherosclerotic progression.

1 refsdruggable

Sialidase

Sialidase-mediated LDL desialylation increases lipoprotein retention and innate immune activation in the intima.

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SLCO1B1SLCO1B1

SLCO1B1 encodes a transporter regulating LDL-cholesterol clearance and atherogenic lipoprotein levels.

1 refsdruggable

Sphingomyelin 36:3

A specific sphingomyelin species enriched in calcified atherosclerotic plaque involved in lipoprotein structure and atherogenesis.

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Sphingomyelin 42:3;O2

Sphingomyelin in LDL surface predicts particle aggregation and atherosclerotic lipid burden.

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Sphingomyelin Synthase 2SGMS2

SGMS2 regulates ceramide and sphingomyelin metabolism, affecting lipoprotein atherogenicity and subendothelial lipid accumulation.

1 refsdruggable

Sphingomyelinase, AcidSMPD1

SMPD1-catalyzed ceramide production from lipoprotein lipids drives endothelial activation and plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

SREBF1SREBF1

SREBF1 regulates lipid synthesis and inflammatory responses; its oxidative stress-linked dysregulation promotes lipid accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque fo

1 refsdruggable

StarD4STARD4

StarD4 modulates intracellular cholesterol transport and availability, influencing lipid retention and atherosclerotic substrate dynamics.

1 refsdruggable

Sterol ester (27:1/18:2)

Sterol ester (27:1/18:2) is a causal metabolite in coronary atherosclerosis, enriched in atherosclerotic lipid cores and driving lesion progression.

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Superoxide Dismutase 3SOD3

SOD3 scavenges superoxide to suppress LDL oxidation and inflammatory ROS production in plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Tetracosanoic acid

Very-long-chain fatty-acid accumulation reflects atherogenic lipid dysmetabolism and increased acute coronary-syndrome risk.

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Transmembrane and Tetratricopeptide Repeat Containing 2TMTC2

TMTC2 modulates intracellular cholesterol trafficking and endothelial barrier integrity, influencing lipid retention and vascular dysfunction.

1 refsdruggable

Triacylglycerol (52:5)

Triacylglycerol (52:5) is a causal metabolite in coronary atherosclerosis, accumulated in atherogenic lipid cores and associated with lesion instability.

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Triacylglycerol (53:4)

Triacylglycerol species enriched in atherogenic lipoproteins promote plaque lipid accumulation and inflammation.

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Triacylglycerol 52:2

Triacylglycerol 52:2 is a lipid biomarker of calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque, reflecting mineral-associated lipid deposition.

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Triacylglycerol 52:3

Triacylglycerol 52:3 is a lipid biomarker of calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque, reflecting mineral-associated lipid deposition.

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Tribbles pseudokinase 1TRIB1

TRIB1 modulates ApoC-III and ApoB-lipoprotein levels, regulating atherogenic lipid retention driving atherosclerotic plaque formation.

1 refsdruggable

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins contribute to lipid retention and oxidative modification in the subendothelium, driving atherosclerotic plaque initiation and gro

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Trihexosylceramides

Trihexosylceramides are atheroprotective lipid species whose reduction associates with proatherogenic lipidome composition.

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TXNTXN

TXN expression is induced by oxidized-LDL exposure and protects against lipid-driven oxidative stress in atherogenic lesions.

1 refsdruggable

TXNRD1TXNRD1

TXNRD1 is induced by oxidative modification of retained lipids, mediating antioxidant defenses against atherogenic lipid burden.

1 refsdruggable

Vascular peroxidase 1VPO1

VPO1 catalyzes LDL oxidation in the subintimal space, triggering foam-cell formation and plaque inflammation.

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VLDL receptorVLDLR

VLDL receptor mediates atherogenic lipoprotein uptake and foam cell differentiation in atherosclerotic lesions.

1 refsdruggable

Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 2ZEB2

ZEB2 regulates lipid handling and vascular metabolic pathways, modulating atherosclerotic-plaque lipid retention and inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductaseHMGCR

HMGCR controls hepatic cholesterol synthesis; inhibition lowers LDL and reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation and MI risk.

geneticdruggable

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 3BMP3

BMP3 modulates osteogenic differentiation of vascular cells and lipid handling in plaque.

geneticdruggable

Lipoprotein(a) Pseudogene 2LPAL2

Genetic variant modulating lipoprotein(a) levels, a direct atherogenic risk factor.

genetic

Myocyte enhancer factor 2AMEF2A

Controls vascular smooth muscle differentiation and anti-inflammatory gene expression in atherosclerosis.

geneticdruggable