Programmed death-ligand 1

CD274protein

PD-L1 expression by macrophages and endothelial cells suppresses protective T-cell responses, promoting chronic plaque inflammation and instability.

Pathway placement

Cascade stepPlaque inflammation

Confidencemedium

RationalePD-L1 on plaque-resident cells suppresses anti-atherosclerotic immunity, affecting inflammatory balance.

Druggability

DruggableYes

Known drugs / candidates13

Small-molecule tractableYes

Antibody tractableYes

EnsemblENSG00000120217

Type I vs Type II discrimination

ScoresType-II-associated

R — rupture / Type-I

—

C — confounder / Type-II

A — assay feasibility

E — evidence strength

T1DI (composite)

Specificity differential (R−C)-35

Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)

1sepsis / systemic inflammationmag 2

2anemia / acute blood lossn/a

3hypovolemia / dehydrationn/a

4tachyarrhythmiamag 1

5hypoxemia / respiratory failuren/a

6hypertensive emergencyn/a

7high-demand / peri-operative stressn/a

Coverage: 2/7 confounders with evidence

Tier: deep-scored (abstract-extracted) · 26 supporting references. See the discrimination table for all markers.

Class-level default (no specific cleared assay)— generic method inferred from analyte class; confirm against a specific product insert before use.

Specimen

Serum or plasma

Collection tube

Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST) · K2/K3-EDTA (lavender-top)

Method / principle

Sandwich immunoassay (ELISA) — research-grade unless a cleared assay exists

Reagent / substrate

Matched anti-target antibody pair (capture + labeled detection)

Platform

ELISA microplate or multiplex (Luminex/MSD)

Turnaround · availability

Send-out / research · Research-grade (no universal clinical assay)