Plaque inflammation

← Full pathway

Plaque inflammation

Monocyte/macrophage recruitment and vascular inflammation that destabilize the atherosclerotic plaque; includes leukocyte adhesion, cytokines, and oxidative enzymes.

473 molecules · 286 druggable · 16 with clinical trials

Canonical markers: hs-CRP, IL-6, MPO, Lp-PLA2, PTX3, neopterin

C-reactive proteinCRP

hs-CRP is a systemic inflammatory marker reflecting plaque-driven inflammation and predicting atherothrombotic events.

60 refs8 trialsgeneticdruggable

Interleukin-6IL6

IL-6 promotes plaque inflammation and leukocyte recruitment, accelerating atherosclerotic instability and thrombotic risk.

60 refs1 trialsgeneticdruggable

TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, macrophage recruitment, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress dr

60 refs1 trialsgeneticdruggable

Interleukin-1βIL1B

Interleukin-1β is a central inflammasome-derived cytokine that orchestrates atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, promotes endothelial dysfunction and procoagula

57 refsdruggable

MyeloperoxidaseMPO

Myeloperoxidase oxidizes LDL and generates reactive oxygen species in atherosclerotic plaques, promoting inflammation and endothelial dysfunction; also a marker

40 refs1 trialsgeneticdruggable

Interleukin-10IL10

Interleukin-10 is a protective anti-inflammatory cytokine that restrains atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and macrophage activation; its reduction by oxidize

28 refsdruggable

Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2PLA2G7

Lp-PLA2 generates inflammatory mediators from oxidized lipids within atherosclerotic plaques, promoting destabilization and rupture.

24 refs4 trialsgeneticdruggable

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1CCL2

MCP-1 recruits monocytes to the atherosclerotic plaque and inflamed endothelium, sustaining plaque destabilization.

24 refsdruggable

Interleukin-18IL18

Interleukin-18 is an inflammasome-processed cytokine that promotes atherosclerotic inflammation, immune activation, and plaque destabilization in the atherothro

21 refsdruggable

Interleukin-8CXCL8

IL-8 is released during plaque inflammation and endothelial activation, recruiting neutrophils and amplifying platelet activation.

20 refsgeneticdruggable

AdiponectinADIPOQ

Adiponectin suppresses plaque inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, exerting cardioprotection against atherothrombotic injury.

18 refsdruggable

NLRP3 inflammasomeNLRP3

NLRP3 inflammasome activation in atherosclerotic plaques and post-MI inflammation generates IL-1β and IL-18, amplifying plaque destabilization and injury respon

15 refs1 trials

Interferon-GammaIFNG

IFN-γ amplifies macrophage activation and vascular inflammation in destabilized atherosclerotic plaques preceding Type 1 MI.

14 refsdruggable

Serum Amyloid ASAA1

SAA is a major acute-phase protein elevated at plaque rupture, modifies HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport and amplifies vascular inflammation.

11 refsdruggable

CD40–CD40L interaction promotes endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment, and platelet–leukocyte thromboinflammatory crosstalk.

10 refsdruggable

Interleukin-17AIL17A

IL-17A is a pro-inflammatory T-cell cytokine that destabilizes plaques, activates platelets, and promotes coronary thrombosis in Type 1 MI.

10 refsgeneticdruggable

Interleukin-2IL2

IL-2 elevation promotes T-cell-mediated vascular inflammation and is associated with acute coronary syndrome.

10 refsdruggable

Pentraxin-3PTX3

Pentraxin-3 mediates immune inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques and modulates platelet activation during thrombosis.

10 refsgeneticdruggable

S100A8 (calprotectin) drives sterile inflammation and thromboinflammation in acute MI, promoting infarct wall thinning and adverse remodeling.

10 refsdruggable

S100A9 (calprotectin) is a key alarmin amplifying vascular inflammation and thromboinflammation through monocyte recruitment and neutrophil-platelet interaction

10 refsdruggable

C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12CXCL12

CXCL12 activates endothelial NF-κB signaling, recruits immune cells to atherosclerotic plaques, and mediates platelet–thrombosis interactions.

9 refsdruggable

CD14 marks monocyte and macrophage subsets that drive vascular inflammation, plaque destabilization, and contribute to platelet–leukocyte crosstalk during acute

9 refs1 omicsgeneticdruggable

Toll-Like Receptor 4TLR4

TLR4 promotes inflammasome signaling and oxidative stress in atherothrombotic plaque and platelets, driving MI progression.

9 refs1 omicsdruggable

CDKN2B variants affect vascular cell proliferation and inflammatory signaling, modulating atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture risk.

OsteopontinSPP1

Osteopontin promotes macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk and collagen remodeling, destabilizing the plaque and driving post-MI cardiac remodeling.

8 refsgeneticdruggable

Uric acid accumulates during oxidative injury and endothelial dysfunction in acute MI, serving as a biomarker of inflammatory burden and CAD severity.

Neutrophil and macrophage-derived calcium-binding protein reflecting active plaque inflammation and thrombotic risk.

Caspase-1 activates pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 via the NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting plaque inflammation and destabilization.

7 refsdruggable

Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1CHI3L1

CHI3L1 reflects macrophage infiltration and inflammation within unstable plaques and drives matrix remodeling promoting rupture.

7 refsdruggable

Haptoglobin is an acute-phase diagnostic biomarker for myocardial infarction, responding to hemolysis and vascular inflammation in atherothrombotic events.

7 refsdruggable

Visfatin amplifies plaque inflammation and matrix degradation, destabilizing atherosclerotic lesions and increasing rupture and thrombotic risk.

7 refsgeneticdruggable

SIRT1 deacetylates NF-κB to suppress plaque inflammation and prothrombotic signaling, while preventing oxidized-LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction and cardiomy

6 refs1 trialsgeneticdruggable

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2ACDKN2A

CDKN2A regulates cell-cycle arrest and senescence in vascular cells, modulating inflammatory responses and atherosclerotic plaque progression.

Interleukin-1 Receptor AntagonistIL1RN

IL1RN suppresses IL-1-driven monocyte recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokine amplification in atherosclerotic plaque.

6 refsdruggable

Interleukin-33IL33

IL-33 mediates both pro-inflammatory responses in atherosclerotic plaques and stress-responsive cardioprotection during myocardial injury.

6 refsdruggable

MIF drives atherosclerotic inflammation and thrombosis via macrophage recruitment and platelet activation in the acute coronary event.

OsteoprotegerinTNFRSF11B

Osteoprotegerin regulates inflammation and calcification in atherosclerotic plaques, markers of plaque destabilization.

6 refsgeneticdruggable

Reactive oxygen species

Reactive oxygen species generated during plaque inflammation oxidize lipids, activate platelets, and cause vascular dysfunction in Type 1 MI.

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptorPLAUR

suPAR amplifies leukocyte recruitment and vascular inflammation, exacerbating plaque destabilization and coronary thrombosis.

6 refsdruggable

Bilirubin exerts antioxidant and antithrombotic effects, with low levels predicting thrombus burden and adverse outcomes in Type 1 MI.

CXCL10 recruits T cells and monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions, amplifying plaque inflammation.

5 refsdruggable

IL-6 ReceptorIL6R

IL-6 receptor mediates IL-6 pro-inflammatory and myocardial-injury signaling in atherosclerosis and acute MI.

5 refsgeneticdruggable

Interleukin-4IL4

IL-4 shifts macrophage polarization toward repair phenotype and is dysregulated in ACS, influencing post-MI injury and remodeling.

5 refsdruggable

Placental growth factorPGF

Placental growth factor drives angiogenesis and plaque inflammation; elevated levels independently predict ischemic events and plaque instability.

5 refsdruggable

Platelet-derived growth factor

PDGF released from activated platelets promotes plaque inflammation and fibrous-cap vulnerability.

Secretory phospholipase A2

Inflammatory phospholipase hydrolyzing lipoprotein phospholipids, generating pro-atherogenic lipid mediators.

Aldosterone promotes vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerotic plaque progression through mineralocorticoid-receptor signaling.

C-C chemokine receptor type 2CCR2

CCR2 mediates monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion into the atherosclerotic plaque, driving plaque inflammation and destabilization.

4 refs1 trialsdruggable

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipoprotein-transported endotoxin triggers TLR-mediated plaque inflammation and atherosclerosis progression.

ANRIL lncRNA at the 9p21.3 CAD locus regulates epigenetic pathways driving atherosclerotic inflammation and vascular disease.

CD18 (β2-integrin) mediates monocyte and neutrophil adhesion and activation in plaque inflammation and reperfusion injury.

4 refsdruggable

CD44 mediates leukocyte-endothelial interactions, macrophage infiltration, and cell death pathways in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and erosion.

4 refsdruggable

CDKN2B-AS1CDKN2B-AS1

CDKN2B-AS1 is a 9p21 locus CAD-risk lncRNA that epigenetically controls smooth-muscle-cell function and atherosclerotic inflammation.

FES Proto-Oncogene, Tyrosine KinaseFES

Tyrosine kinase modulating vascular smooth-muscle and endothelial inflammation; CAD and hypertension risk via arterial remodeling.

4 refsgeneticdruggable

Ficolin-2 recognizes danger-associated patterns, activating complement and promoting plaque inflammation during acute MI.

4 refsdruggable

Actin-modulating protein with anti-inflammatory and vascular-protective roles; downregulated in acute coronary inflammation.

4 refsdruggable

Glutathione peroxidase 4GPX4

GPX4 suppresses ferroptotic cell death and lipid peroxidation in atherosclerotic lesions and post-ischemic myocardium.

4 refsdruggable

Inducible Nitric Oxide SynthaseNOS2

iNOS-driven nitric oxide production in macrophages sustains plaque inflammation and impairs endothelial function.

4 refsgeneticdruggable

Interleukin-12IL12A

IL-12 drives Th1-mediated immune response and predicts major adverse cardiovascular events in acute coronary syndrome.

4 refsdruggable

Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1LRG1

LRG1 is an inflammation-responsive acute-phase marker upregulated during plaque inflammation and myocardial ischemia in Type 1 MI.

4 refsdruggable

Leukotriene eicosanoid recruiting leukocytes and amplifying vascular inflammation after MI.

Lysophospholipids

Lysophospholipids are potent inflammatory mediators generated by phospholipase A2 that recruit leukocytes, activate platelets, and destabilize plaques.

miR-21-5p is an acute MI biomarker that regulates antioxidant responses (SOD2) and vascular inflammation.

Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1PGLYRP1

PGLYRP1 acts as a pattern recognition receptor promoting innate immune activation and plaque inflammation, with increased levels marking thrombotic burden in ST

4 refsdruggable

Scavenger Receptor A1MSR1

Macrophage scavenger receptor recognizing oxidized and modified lipoproteins, driving foam cell formation and plaque inflammation.

4 refsdruggable

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3STAT3

STAT3 activation by IL-10 restrains macrophage-driven plaque inflammation and vascular endothelial activation, reducing atherosclerotic destabilization.

4 refsdruggable

TNF Receptor Superfamily 1BTNFRSF1B

TNF receptor 2 regulates vascular inflammation and immune cell activation within atherosclerotic lesions.

4 refsdruggable

Toll-like receptor 2TLR2

TLR2 activation by damage-associated or pathogen-associated molecular patterns in plaque drives inflammation and platelet recruitment.

4 refsdruggable

5-LipoxygenaseALOX5

5-Lipoxygenase produces leukotrienes that regulate inflammatory cell recruitment and resolution post-MI.

3 refs2 trialsdruggable

Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Family Member 4ACSL4

Acyl-CoA synthetase that activates polyunsaturated fatty acids for ferroptotic lipid peroxidation, a mechanism linking macrophage oxidative stress to plaque inf

3 refsdruggable

Annexin A1ANXA1

Annexin A1 downregulation after plaque rupture indicates disruption of local anti-inflammatory signaling and heightened plaque destabilization.

3 refsdruggable

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3CXCR3

CXCR3 transduces chemokine signals recruiting inflammatory Th1 cells and monocytes to destabilize plaques.

3 refsdruggable

C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1CXCL1

CXCL1 recruits leukocytes to the atherosclerotic plaque, amplifying vascular inflammation and destabilization.

3 refsdruggable

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2CXCL2

CXCL2 recruits leukocytes and promotes smooth muscle remodeling in vulnerable plaques.

3 refsdruggable

C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 7CXCR7

CXCR7 coordinates chemotaxis and platelet-leukocyte interactions during plaque inflammation and early thrombotic response in Type 1 MI.

CD163 marks macrophage activation and plaque progression in atherosclerosis; functions as hemoglobin-haptoglobin receptor in vascular inflammation and MI pathog

3 refsdruggable

Macrophage surface antigen marking monocyte/macrophage accumulation that destabilizes atherosclerotic plaque and signals rupture vulnerability.

3 refsdruggable

CDCP1 mediates leukocyte adhesion, vascular inflammation and fibrosis in atherosclerotic plaque instability.

3 refsdruggable

Chemerin recruits innate immune cells and activates macrophages, driving plaque inflammation and destabilization in acute coronary syndromes.

3 refsdruggable

Complement component C5C5

Complement-pathway effector generating C5a to recruit leukocytes and amplify thromboinflammatory response in acute coronary syndrome.

3 refsdruggable

Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61CYR61

CYR61 drives vascular inflammation and plaque vulnerability in acute coronary syndromes, predicting adverse outcomes.

Electronegative LDL (L5)

Electronegative LDL (L5) is a highly oxidized lipoprotein subspecies that triggers monocyte recruitment and macrophage activation, amplifying plaque inflammatio

Fractalkine (CX3CL1)CX3CL1

Monocyte-adhesion molecule and platelet–leukocyte crosstalk mediator in plaque inflammation and atherothrombotic thrombus formation.

3 refsgeneticdruggable

FURIN processes precursors of inflammatory cytokines and proteases that destabilize atherosclerotic plaques and promote endothelial dysfunction.

3 refsgeneticdruggable

Gasdermin DGSDMD

Gasdermin D mediates pyroptotic cardiomyocyte death and inflammatory cytokine release during acute myocardial infarction.

3 refsdruggable

GlycA is a glycoprotein-bound inflammation marker that correlates with monocyte recruitment and plaque destabilization in Type 1 MI pathogenesis.

Heat-shock protein 60HSPD1

Heat-shock protein 60 released from damaged mitochondria acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern to initiate and sustain atherosclerotic inflammation.

3 refsdruggable

High-mobility group box 1HMGB1

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular pattern released during ischemic injury that amplifies vascular inflammation and platelet thr

3 refsdruggable

Histone Deacetylase 9HDAC9

HDAC9 genetic variants regulate histone acetylation and chromatin remodeling to modulate atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and stability.

3 refsdruggable

HLA-C regulates immune recognition and endothelial activation; downregulation in AMI compromises inflammatory control and plaque stabilization.

3 refsdruggable

Immunoglobulin A

IgA levels reflect adaptive immune activation in plaque inflammation and are altered post-MI.

Integrin Alpha-L (CD11a)ITGAL

ITGAL mediates monocyte and T-cell recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques and crosstalk with platelet surfaces, amplifying plaque inflammation.

3 refsdruggable

Interleukin-17EIL17F

IL-17E drives vascular inflammation and predicts post-MI cardiac remodeling through pro-inflammatory T-cell signaling.

3 refsdruggable

Interleukin-6 signal transducerIL6ST

gp130 transduces IL-6 trans-signaling, amplifying monocyte recruitment and atherosclerotic inflammation.

3 refsdruggable

Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunitJUN

JUN orchestrates inflammatory gene programs destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

3 refsdruggable

L-selectin on monocytes and neutrophils binds endothelial ligands, mediating leukocyte rolling, tethering and recruitment into inflamed atherosclerotic plaques.

3 refsdruggable

lactosylceramide

Lactosylceramide regulates monocyte recruitment and inflammatory signaling, bridging lipid retention and plaque inflammation.

M-CSF (CSF1) is a macrophage growth factor that recruits and activates monocytes, amplifying plaque inflammation in Type 1 MI and post-MI complications.

3 refsdruggable

MIAT (myocardial-infarction-associated transcript)MIAT

Long non-coding RNA dysregulated in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, modulating vascular inflammation and plaque stability.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

mtDNA released from injured cells activates pattern-recognition receptors to trigger innate immune activation and plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis.

Myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDL

Myeloperoxidase-oxidized LDL is an inflammatory lipoprotein modification that promotes foam cell differentiation and endothelial dysfunction.

Neopterin is released by activated macrophages and monocytes, serving as a marker of immune activation and inflammation within destabilized atherosclerotic plaq

Neutrophil elastaseELA2

Neutrophil elastase is released by activated neutrophils during NETosis and serves as a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-driven immunothrombotic in

Nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1NFKB1

NFKB1 drives inflammatory gene expression in atherosclerosis and post-MI immune activation.

3 refsdruggable

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor DPDGFD

PDGFD promotes smooth-muscle-cell recruitment and phenotypic switching that destabilize the atherosclerotic plaque.

3 refsdruggable

RANTES (CCL5) recruits monocytes and macrophages to inflamed atherosclerotic plaques and directly activates platelets, amplifying vascular inflammation.

3 refsdruggable

Retinol-Binding Protein 4RBP4

RBP4 is an adipokine associated with vascular inflammation and ischemic event risk, linking epicardial adipose-tissue remodeling to atherothrombotic progression

3 refsdruggable

S100A12 is a core plaque-rupture and vascular inflammation marker shared across atherothrombotic events; modulates MMP activity and immune activation in MI path

3 refsdruggable

Serpin Family A Member 3SERPINA3

SERPINA3 is an acute-phase inflammatory marker upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques and predicts outcomes in myocardial infarction.

3 refsdruggable

SMAD3 is a CAD-risk effector in smooth muscle cells that controls TGF-β-mediated inflammation, matrix remodeling, and fibrous-cap stability.

3 refsgeneticdruggable

SMARCA4 influences DNA methylation and vascular smooth-muscle-cell behavior, modulating oxidative stress-linked pathways in MI susceptibility.

3 refsgeneticdruggable

Superoxide dismutase

SOD catalyzes superoxide dismutation; reduced activity or expression reflects failed antioxidant defense in atherosclerotic inflammation and endothelial injury.

Lipoxygenase catalyzes arachidonic acid oxidation to pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic lipid mediators in plaque inflammation.

Resistin promotes atherosclerotic inflammation and lipid dysregulation, increasing Type 1 MI recurrence risk.

2 refs1 trialsdruggable

Proinflammatory eicosanoid mediating leukocyte recruitment and vascular inflammation post-MI.

Eicosanoid metabolite driving adverse cardiovascular effects and plaque inflammation post-PCI.

Adrenergic Receptor Beta-2ADRB2

ADRB2-mediated signaling modulates neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory cell crosstalk in myocardial injury.

2 refsgeneticdruggable

Agouti-related peptideAGRP

Inflammatory peptide implicated in insulin signaling–atherosclerosis crosstalk and acute-phase response in MI.

2 refsdruggable

ARG1 marks alternatively-activated macrophages that modulate inflammatory responses and plaque stability during acute coronary syndrome.

2 refsdruggable

BCAR1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and endothelial function in atherosclerotic plaque development.

2 refsdruggable

C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 23CCL23

CCL23 recruits monocytes to sites of plaque inflammation and modulates fibrinolytic responses following thrombus formation.

2 refsdruggable

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13CXCL13

CXCL13 recruits B cells and reprograms macrophages into pro-thrombotic niches, intensifying plaque inflammation.

2 refsdruggable

C–C Motif Chemokine Ligand 17CCL17

CCL17 mediates post-MI plaque inflammation while also representing a cardioprotective anti-inflammatory signaling axis downstream of SGLT2-inhibitor treatment.

2 refsdruggable

Calbindin-2CALB2

CALB2 is enriched in advanced atherosclerotic plaques and associates with plaque inflammation and destabilization in Type 1 MI.

cAMP Responsive Element ModulatorCREM

CREM regulates T cell inflammatory responses post-MI, contributing to plaque destabilization and inflammation.

Catechol-O-methyltransferaseCOMT

COMT regulates catecholamine and estrogen metabolism, influencing vascular inflammation and thrombotic risk in coronary artery disease.

2 refsdruggable

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alphaCEBPA

CEBPA regulates macrophage polarization and lipid handling in plaque inflammation.

CCL22 chemokine recruits monocytes and regulates M2 macrophage polarization in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

2 refsdruggable

CD16 identifies pro-inflammatory monocyte subsets that are enriched in acute coronary syndromes and drive vascular inflammation and platelet activation during a

2 refsdruggable

citrullinated histone H3H3C1

NETosis product serving as specific marker of neutrophil extracellular trap burden and pathogenic plaque inflammation.

Complement C1s serine proteaseC1S

C1S genetic variants amplify complement-driven vascular inflammation increasing atherosclerotic instability risk.

2 refsdruggable

Complement C5b-9 (MAC)

C5b-9 amplifies endothelial injury and inflammatory cell recruitment through complement-driven lysis and activation.

Complement factor HCFH

Complement regulator affecting inflammatory burden and post-MI ventricular remodeling, predicting long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

2 refsdruggable

Connective Tissue Growth FactorCTGF

CTGF drives cardiac fibrosis and plaque inflammation through JCAD-dependent pro-atherogenic signaling in Type 1 MI.

Cytochrome b-245 Alpha SubunitCYBA

CYBA is the core component of NADPH oxidase driving oxidative stress in plaque inflammation and lipid oxidation.

2 refsdruggable

Fetuin-A suppresses inflammatory and calcification processes in atherosclerotic plaque and contributes to post-MI cardiac dysfunction.

2 refsgeneticdruggable

Galectin-2LGALS2

LGALS2 is a susceptibility locus for myocardial infarction, potentially mediating immune-inflammatory mechanisms in plaque biology.

2 refsdruggable

Serine protease from activated lymphocytes contributing to plaque inflammation and fibrous-cap degradation.

2 refsdruggable

Hemopexin mitigates heme-mediated oxidative injury and inflammation during atherothrombotic plaque destabilization and myocardial ischemia.

2 refsdruggable

HLA-DQB1HLA-DQB1

HLA-DQB1 is a CAD susceptibility locus that influences inflammatory pathway activation in coronary atherothrombosis.

IL2RB modulates adaptive immune responses and inflammatory cell recruitment contributing to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization.

2 refsdruggable

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1IDO1

IDO1 drives tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine in thrombi macrophages, amplifying plaque inflammation and destabilization.

2 refsdruggable

Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 6IGFBP6

IGFBP6 regulates insulin-like growth factor availability during plaque inflammation and fibrous-cap degradation.

2 refs1 omicsdruggable

Interleukin-35IL35

IL-35 exerts anti-inflammatory suppression within atherosclerotic plaques, protecting against destabilization and thrombosis.

Interleukin-37IL37

IL-37 exerts broad anti-inflammatory effects that dampen atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and protect against ischemic injury.

2 refsdruggable

Interleukin-5IL5

Eosinophil-recruiting cytokine implicated in atherogenic immune response and plaque inflammation.

2 refsdruggable

IRAK3 negatively regulates TLR-driven inflammatory signaling, controlling monocyte activation and plaque inflammation in acute coronary events.

2 refsdruggable

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-2D-DT

MIF-2 promotes plaque inflammation and atherosclerosis via chemokine and lipogenic signaling.

Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1MALAT1

MALAT1 regulates inflammatory immune-cell recruitment and atherosclerotic plaque development.

Milk Fat Globule-EGF Factor 8MFGE8

MFGE8 participates in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and may exert cardioprotective effects during myocardial stress.

2 refsdruggable

MIP-1α (CCL3) is a macrophage-derived chemokine that recruits monocytes and leukocytes, amplifying plaque inflammation and post-MI complications.

2 refsdruggable

MIP-3α (CCL20) is a chemokine that recruits lymphocytes and monocytes, contributing to post-MI inflammation and adverse remodeling.

2 refsdruggable

miR-15a-5p serves as a STEMI diagnostic biomarker with regulatory roles in endothelial cell inflammation.

miRNA marking inflammatory activation and vascular instability in unstable coronary lesions.

miR-222-3p directly suppresses SOD2 and regulates vascular performance in MI and heart failure.

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-3CCL7

MCP-3 recruits monocytes into the atherosclerotic plaque, amplifying vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization.

2 refsdruggable

Circulating NET component serving as marker of pathogenic neutrophil activation and thrombo-inflammatory burden post-MI.

Enzyme mediating neutrophil extracellular trap formation, amplifying plaque inflammation and thrombotic burden.

2 refsdruggable

RANK (TNF receptor superfamily 11A) regulates inflammatory pathways and is associated with long-term MI mortality risk.

2 refsdruggable

RANKL (TNF Ligand Superfamily Member 11)TNFSF11

RANKL modulates immune-cell activation and osteoclastogenesis; decreased levels in MI may reflect altered inflammatory and vascular-remodeling pathways.

2 refsdruggable

Selenoprotein SSELENOS

SELENOS encodes a redox-active selenoprotein that modulates oxidative stress and endoplasmic-reticulum inflammation, reducing atherosclerosis progression.

2 refsdruggable

Serine Protease Inhibitor A5SERPINA5

SERPINA5 upregulation in CAD reflects heightened proteolytic and inflammatory activity destabilizing plaques.

2 refsdruggable

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1STAT1

A transcription factor regulating inflammatory and injury responses in acute MI, modulating plaque inflammation and cardiomyocyte damage.

2 refsdruggable

SIRT3 modulates macrophage oxidative stress and inflammation, with reduced activity contributing to plaque destabilization and Type 1 MI risk.

2 refsdruggable

Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11SLC7A11

System xc- antiporter that suppresses ferroptosis-driven lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cell death in atherosclerotic plaque macrophages.

2 refsdruggable

SPON1 modulates inflammation and vascular remodeling in spontaneous coronary dissection.

2 refsdruggable

T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-domain containing-1TIMD4

TIM-1 modulates immune tolerance and inflammatory responses in acute coronary syndrome pathogenesis.

2 refsdruggable

Vascular Non-Inflammatory Molecule 3 (Pantetheinase VNN3)VNN3

VNN3 upregulation amplifies oxidative stress and endothelial inflammation in acute MI.

15-epi-lipoxin A4

15-epi-lipoxin A4 is an aspirin-triggered anti-inflammatory lipid mediator that limits plaque inflammation and platelet recruitment.

Leukotrienes are arachidonic-acid-derived eicosanoids that potently recruit and activate leukocytes, amplifying plaque inflammation and the thrombotic response.

11-HDoHE reduces pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory signaling, protecting against atherothrombotic occlusion.

12-HEPE attenuates post-MI inflammation and promotes resolution of plaque inflammation through lipid mediator signaling.

12,13-dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid

12,13-diHOME is an oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolite reflecting systemic lipid peroxidation and vascular inflammation in acute coronary syndromes.

Lipoxygenase metabolite amplifying inflammation and oxidative stress in acute myocardial infarction.

15-oxo-ETE is a pro-inflammatory lipid metabolite that drives monocyte recruitment and endothelial activation during plaque inflammation.

Oxylipin lipid mediator promoting vascular inflammation and thrombotic event susceptibility.

16,17-EDP, derived from omega-3 PUFA, restrains platelet activation and leukocyte recruitment.

20-HDoHE suppresses platelet aggregation and inflammatory cell recruitment, limiting thrombus expansion.

3-Hydroxyfatty acid

3-Hydroxyfatty acid from LPS-containing lipoproteins activates innate immune sensors and plaque inflammation.

3-nitrotyrosine

3-nitrotyrosine accumulation reflects reactive nitrogen species generation by activated leukocytes and platelets during thrombotic coronary occlusion.

3-OMD is a tryptophan metabolite elevated in plaque-rupture phenotype, marking inflammatory destabilization and MACE risk.

8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine

8-OHdGuo reflects oxidative DNA damage in inflammatory cells and endothelium during atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

8-isoprostane is a stable F2-isoprostane generated by oxidative modification of arachidonic acid in inflamed plaque and dysfunctional endothelium.

Oxylipin inflammatory mediator associated with plaque inflammation and cardiovascular thrombotic events.

AC004485.3 circulating levels reflect macrophage apoptosis and autophagy dysregulation in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

AC004920.3 circulating levels reflect macrophage apoptosis and autophagy dysregulation in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1ACACA

ACC1 catalyzes malonyl-CoA synthesis, promoting fatty acid and inflammatory lipid production in plaque macrophages.

1 refsdruggable

Acidic mammalian chitinaseCHIA

Chitinase enzyme reflecting innate immune activation and inflammatory burden during acute MI, predicting post-MI remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

ACSP75 is a urinary peptide biomarker that predicts acute coronary syndrome risk, potentially reflecting systemic or local vascular inflammation.

Activin A exerts anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects in acute coronary syndrome, limiting plaque inflammation and myocardial injury.

1 refsdruggable

Adenosine KinaseADK

ADK modulates adenosine-mediated inflammatory and metabolic signaling in atherosclerosis.

1 refsdruggable

ADTRP promotes sex-hormone-mediated suppression of monocyte recruitment and vascular inflammation, reducing plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

AIM2 inflammasome activation promotes plaque inflammation and destabilization in atherosclerotic disease and acute coronary events.

AJ006998.2 circulating levels reflect macrophage apoptosis and autophagy dysregulation in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

ALCAM on circulating vesicles enhances leukocyte–endothelial adhesion and platelet–leukocyte coupling in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

ALKBH1-mediated m6A demethylation regulates inflammatory cytokine and matrix-metalloproteinase expression, influencing plaque inflammation and fibrous-cap stabi

1 refsdruggable

Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1AIF1

AIF1 is a microglial and macrophage activation marker that drives innate immune responses in atherosclerotic inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Alpha-1B-GlycoproteinAMBP

AMBP modulates complement activation and acute-phase response during atherothrombotic MI.

1 refsdruggable

ARL6IP1 participates in lipid homeostasis and inflammatory signaling during atherosclerotic plaque development.

1 refsdruggable

Aspartylphenylalanine

Dipeptide marker of altered proteolytic and inflammatory metabolism in acute coronary syndrome.

ATP Citrate LyaseACLY

ATP citrate lyase controls macrophage acetyl-CoA pools and lipid biosynthesis, influencing the pro-inflammatory versus stabilizing macrophage phenotype in ather

1 refsdruggable

B-cell lymphoma 6BCL6

BCL-6 is an miR-155 target that dampens inflammatory signaling; its suppression permits plaque inflammation amplification.

1 refsdruggable

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7BMP7

BMP7 exerts cardioprotective effects through suppression of inflammatory pathways and improvement of metabolic dysfunction, reducing atherosclerotic burden.

1 refsdruggable

Bruton Tyrosine KinaseBTK

BTK amplifies macrophage activation and lipid uptake into foam cells, accelerating plaque inflammation and destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

BST1 is involved in oxidative stress and immune cell activation within destabilized atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Butyrate exerts cardioprotective effects through histone deacetylase inhibition and reduction of macrophage-driven plaque inflammation.

C-C chemokine receptor type 5CCR5

CCR5 mediates monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic lesions via CCL3/CCL5 signaling, amplifying plaque inflammation and destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 21

CCL21 recruits lymphocytes and monocytes to the atherosclerotic lesion, amplifying plaque inflammation.

C-C motif chemokine receptor 8CCR8

Chemokine-receptor mediating monocyte recruitment to the infarcted myocardium and inflammation-driven remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

c-Fos is an AP-1 subunit activated during plaque inflammation and endothelial response to injury.

1 refsdruggable

C-Reactive Protein, ultrasensitive

hs-CRP reflects systemic inflammatory burden from atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and leukocyte infiltration.

C-type lectin domain family 3 member BCLEC3B

CLEC3B release from plaques or endothelium during ACS reflects acute vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16CXCL16

CXCL16 recruits inflammatory leukocytes to atherosclerotic plaques, amplifying vascular inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-like factor 1CKLF1

CKLF1 drives monocyte chemotaxis and plaque inflammation, destabilizing atherosclerotic lesions prior to rupture.

C1orf105C1ORF105

C1orf105 is associated with M2 macrophage polarization and plaque inflammatory state in CAD.

CAD238 is a urinary proteomic biomarker associated with coronary artery disease characterization, reflecting chronic vascular inflammation or structural changes

CALB1 calcium-binding protein is associated with M2 macrophage functional programming in plaque inflammation.

cAMP response element binding protein 1CREB1

CREB1 is a transcription factor bridging mitochondrial succinate accumulation to inflammatory gene expression in the atherosclerotic plaque.

CBLB regulates acute myocardial infarction through immune cell activation and metabolic responses affecting plaque inflammation and systemic metabolic stress.

1 refsdruggable

CCL9 (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1γ)CCL9

Monocyte-recruiting chemokine promoting plaque inflammation and post-infarction ventricular remodeling.

CD11c (αX integrin) mediates monocyte adhesion and inflammatory cell recruitment to the destabilized plaque during atherothrombotic MI.

1 refsdruggable

CD14+ microparticles

CD14+ microparticles released from activated monocytes carry tissue factor and propagate inflammation and coagulation.

CD30 LigandTNFSF8

CD30 ligand promotes leukocyte activation and vascular inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refsdruggable

CD300LF regulates immune-cell activation and inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

CD47 'don't-eat-me' signal suppresses macrophage phagocytosis; altered CD47 expression or signaling modulates plaque inflammation and leukocyte activity.

1 refsdruggable

CD6 promotes T-cell recruitment and inflammatory activation in coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refsdruggable

CD69 AntigenCD69

CD69 marks early T cell activation and leukocyte recruitment during acute coronary thrombosis and myocardial injury.

1 refsdruggable

CD82 mediates cell–cell adhesion and inflammatory-cell recruitment, contributing to leukocyte infiltration and vascular inflammation in plaque.

1 refsdruggable

Cell Migration Inducing hyaluronan Binding ProteinCEMIP

CEMIP expression is induced during atherosclerotic plaque development and contributes to vascular inflammation and plaque progression.

1 refsdruggable

ceramide C24:1/C24:0

Ceramide C24:1/C24:0 is a pro-inflammatory sphingolipid that activates endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6CCL6

CCL6 recruits B cells into the post-MI inflammatory microenvironment.

CKAP4 expression differentiates inflammatory phenotypes in diabetic coronary artery disease.

1 refsdruggable

CLEC4D is a core gene shared between ischemic stroke and MI; regulates myeloid-cell activation and inflammatory responses in atherothrombosis.

1 refsdruggable

CLEC4E promotes monocyte and macrophage recruitment and activation in atherosclerotic plaques, driving inflammation and rupture susceptibility.

1 refsdruggable

CLEC5A enhances monocyte and neutrophil innate immune signaling, intensifying plaque inflammation and thrombotic activation in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

CLEC7A promotes monocyte/macrophage recruitment and oxidative enzyme release driving plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Cluster of Differentiation 4CD4

CD4+ T cells infiltrate and drive pro-inflammatory responses within atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Cluster of Differentiation 74CD74

CD74 is the MIF-2 signaling receptor, mediating macrophage activation and plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Colony Stimulating Factor 1 ReceptorCSF1R

CSF1R drives monocyte/macrophage recruitment and survival in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Complement C1q subcomponent subunit CC1QC

C1QC expression marks plaque macrophage activation and complement-mediated inflammation contributing to atherosclerotic lesion progression.

1 refsdruggable

Complement C1r serine proteaseC1R

C1R initiates complement cascade amplifying inflammation and macrophage recruitment in unstable plaques.

Complement C1r-like Serine ProteaseC1RL

C1RL initiates classical-complement cascade, and its decreased level may reflect complement consumption during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Complement C8BC8B

C8B, part of the complement membrane-attack complex, participates in plaque inflammation and vascular injury during acute coronary syndrome.

1 refsdruggable

Complement Component 4BC4B

C4B complement cascade activation recruits inflammatory cells to destabilize atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Complement component C9C9

C9 participates in complement-mediated inflammatory activation, promoting plaque inflammation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation.

1 refsdruggable

Complement Factor BCFB

CFB participates in complement-mediated inflammation downstream of IL-6R signaling in atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

CRYGB is associated with M2 macrophage polarization and inflammatory remodeling in coronary plaques.

CTHRC1 marks activated fibroblasts driving extracellular matrix remodeling and plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7CDK7

CDK7 regulates inflammatory gene expression and cell proliferation in plaque-resident immune and vascular cells.

1 refsdruggable

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorCFTR

CFTR dysfunction impairs sphingosine-1-phosphate degradation, exacerbating post-MI inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4CTLA4

CTLA4 suppresses T-cell co-stimulation post-MI, reducing excessive adaptive immune inflammation and plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

DEAF1 transcription factorDEAF1

DEAF1 controls transcriptional programs of immune tolerance that limit pathologic post-MI inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Defensin Alpha 1DEFA1

DEFA1 (human neutrophil defensin) is released by activated neutrophils and marks acute plaque inflammation and thrombotic risk.

1 refsdruggable

Defensin Beta 127DEFB127

DEFB127 bridges diabetes-related immune dysfunction and coronary artery disease susceptibility via innate immune mechanisms.

1 refsdruggable

DKK3 inhibits Wnt signaling to suppress inflammation and promote matrix remodeling during plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

DNA Methyltransferase 1DNMT1

DNMT1 maintains DNA methylation patterns controlling expression of miR-520e and inflammatory mediators in atherosclerotic plaque cells.

1 refsdruggable

DNA-myeloperoxidase complexes

DNA-MPO complexes released by activated neutrophils form prothrombotic nets that amplify both plaque inflammation and thrombotic responses in Type 1 MI.

DNAJB6 regulates protein folding and cellular stress responses affecting macrophage and endothelial function in atherosclerotic plaques.

DNASE1 polymorphisms affecting NET degradation alter neutrophil-mediated plaque inflammation and thrombotic burden in MI.

1 refsdruggable

DPEP1 is a circulating protein linked to elevated myocardial infarction risk through pathways not yet fully characterized.

1 refsdruggable

DSCAML1 promotes leukocyte recruitment and endothelial activation in coronary plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

EEQs dampen pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling and platelet function, reducing atherothrombotic progression.

Eotaxin (CCL11)CCL11

Chemokine recruiting eosinophils and monocytes to inflamed coronary plaque during acute STEMI.

1 refsdruggable

ERV1 (Resolvin E1 receptor)

ERV1 signaling suppresses macrophage activation and inflammatory cytokine production, stabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque.

Esterified hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids

Esterified oxidized eicosanoid metabolites generated during plaque inflammation that characterize vulnerable, symptomatic atherosclerotic lesions.

FAM5C promotes smooth-muscle-cell proliferation and vascular remodeling, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque growth and structural instability.

Fas LigandFASLG

FASLG upregulation modulates inflammatory cell apoptosis and immune activation in plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

Ferritin light chainFTL

Ferritin light chain reflects iron-catalyzed oxidative stress and inflammatory burden in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

FHL3 is a CAD-variant-regulated smooth muscle gene that modulates vascular inflammation and structural adaptation in atherosclerosis.

FOXP3 hypermethylation impairs regulatory T cell function, promoting plaque inflammation and atherothrombotic progression.

FPR2 mediates neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis, amplifying plaque inflammation and destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

FRK regulates macrophage activation and integrin signaling in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Galectin-3-Binding ProteinLGALS3BP

LGALS3BP associates with plaque inflammation and matrix remodeling, reflecting macrophage activity and cap vulnerability.

1 refsdruggable

Galectin-9LGALS9

LGALS9 controls macrophage infiltration into atherosclerotic plaques through CD44-mediated interactions.

1 refsdruggable

Ganglioside GM3

GM3 ganglioside modulates immune cell and platelet activation during atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and thrombotic responses.

GAP43 is associated with M2 macrophage polarization and neuronal-immune crosstalk in plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

glucosylceramide

Glucosylceramide modulates inflammatory responses within atherosclerotic plaques, supporting plaque stability.

GLUL participates in glutamic acid metabolism, supporting inflammatory pathways implicated in coronary atherosclerotic disease.

1 refsdruggable

Glyoxalase IGLO1

GLO1 regulates detoxification and antigen processing, modulating immune responses in plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (CXCL6)CXCL6

Neutrophil-recruiting chemokine amplifying acute plaque inflammation and post-MI remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

GTP Cyclohydrolase IGCH1

GTP cyclohydrolase I sustains nitric oxide production in endothelium, preserving vasodilation and reducing plaque inflammation and endothelial activation.

1 refsdruggable

GTPase IMAP Family Member 6GIMAP6

GIMAP6 regulates immune cell survival and function, influencing post-MI inflammatory state.

GTPase IMAP Family Member 7GIMAP7

GIMAP7 regulates immune cell survival and function, influencing post-MI inflammatory state.

1 refsdruggable

H19 circulating levels reflect apoptosis-autophagy signaling in plaque macrophages, integrating inflammation and matrix destabilization.

HBP1 regulates inflammatory and proliferative transcriptional programs during atherosclerotic plaque evolution.

HDHD2 functions as a circulating protective factor reducing myocardial infarction risk, likely through anti-inflammatory or lipid-modulating activity.

1 refsdruggable

HFAT4 promotes anti-inflammatory monocyte differentiation reducing plaque destabilization.

histone deacetylase

HDAC modulates epigenetic regulation of inflammatory gene expression in cardiac ischemia and atherosclerosis.

HLA-B is a causal target for oxidative stress-linked CAD, influencing immune-cell recruitment and plaque inflammation.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

HLA-DQA1HLA-DQA1

HLA-DQA1 drives adaptive immune activation and antigen presentation, promoting chronic plaque inflammation that destabilizes the atherosclerotic lesion.

1 refsdruggable

HLA-DRB1HLA-DRB1

HLA-DRB1 drives adaptive immune activation and antigen presentation, promoting chronic plaque inflammation that destabilizes the atherosclerotic lesion.

1 refsdruggable

HLA-G, a non-classical MHC molecule, modulates immune tolerance and inflammation, influencing atherosclerotic plaque progression and stability.

1 refsdruggable

IgG autoantibodies to oxidized LDL

IgG autoantibodies to oxidized LDL amplify inflammatory responses to atherogenic lipid modification and plaque destabilization.

IgM autoantibodies to oxidized LDL

IgM autoantibodies to oxidized LDL exert atheroprotective effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory immune responses to atherogenic LDL oxidation.

IL-8 Receptor Type 1CXCR1

IL-8R1 mediates neutrophil infiltration and oxidative damage in inflamed coronary atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Inducible T Cell Co-stimulatorICOS

ICOS-mediated T cell costimulation intensifies the adaptive inflammatory response during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refsdruggable

Inducible T-cell costimulatory ligandICOSLG

ICOSLG expression on antigen-presenting cells amplifies T-cell-driven plaque inflammation and destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

Inhibitor of κB kinaseIKBKG

IKK-mediated NF-κB activation drives pro-inflammatory cytokine production and macrophage recruitment within destabilizing plaques.

1 refsdruggable

INPP5B is a CAD-variant-regulated gene in smooth muscle cells that influences atherosclerotic plaque development through vascular remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

Integrin Beta-7ITGB7

ITGB7 integrin mediates adhesion of leukocytes to inflamed endothelium and vascular tissue in acute coronary syndrome.

1 refsdruggable

Intelectin-1ITLN1

ITLN1 modulates innate immune responses and metabolic inflammation linked to atherosclerotic risk.

1 refsdruggable

Interferon Induced with Helicase C Domain 1IFIH1

IFIH1 is a viral RNA sensor that triggers innate immunity and pro-inflammatory responses implicated in atherosclerotic inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Interferon-alpha 2IFNA2

Interferon-alpha drives type-1 interferon-mediated vascular inflammation contributing to plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-13IL13

IL-13 promotes alternative macrophage activation and fibrosis, providing atheroprotection against plaque rupture.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-18 receptor 1IL18R1

IL-18 receptor mediating inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaque and post-MI myocardial remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-19IL19

IL-19 exerts anti-inflammatory effects that may suppress atherosclerotic plaque development and inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-20IL20

IL-20 drives pro-inflammatory signaling within atherosclerotic plaques, contributing to their inflammatory microenvironment.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-27IL27

IL-27 exerts immunomodulatory and cardioprotective effects that suppress inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis and myocardial injury.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-32IL32

IL-32 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that amplifies atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-36IL36G

IL-36 cytokine family member promoting vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

Interleukin-8IL8

IL-8 recruits neutrophils and monocytes to atherosclerotic plaque, amplifying vascular inflammation and destabilization.

Itaconic acid elevation reflects macrophage activation and inflammatory immune metabolism during acute infarction.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 amplifies vascular inflammation and platelet activation during plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

KAT1 upregulation in macrophages during acute myocardial infarction reflects kynurenine pathway activation and plaque inflammation.

KIR2DS2 may protect against MI by suppressing excessive plaque inflammation via NK-cell signaling.

KLC1 influences intracellular signaling and inflammatory cell transport, with pleiotropic effects on atherogenic pathways.

1 refsdruggable

KPNA2 regulates nuclear translocation of inflammatory transcription factors, potentially modulating monocyte and endothelial inflammatory responses.

Kynurenine, produced by IDO1 in thrombi macrophages, amplifies innate immune activation and vascular inflammation in STEMI pathogenesis.

L-kynurenine, a tryptophan catabolite, is elevated in acute MI with renal comorbidity and signals inflammatory immune activation.

LAYN regulates immune cell adhesion and trafficking, with protective effects against excessive plaque inflammation and atherothrombotic progression.

1 refsdruggable

Leukocyte-derived microparticles

Leukocyte-derived vesicles released during monocyte/neutrophil activation, linking inflammation to thrombotic cascade.

Leukotriene A4 hydrolaseLTA4H

LTA4H catalyzes leukotriene production, amplifying neutrophil recruitment to the atherosclerotic lesion and promoting plaque inflammation and thrombotic respons

1 refsdruggable

Leukotriene C4 is an eicosanoid inflammatory mediator released during leukocyte and platelet activation in ACS.

LIMS1 modulates integrin signaling and cellular adhesion during plaque inflammation and leukocyte recruitment.

1 refsdruggable

LINC00968LINC00968

Long non-coding RNA dysregulated in coronary artery disease and epicardial adipose tissue, likely modulating vascular inflammation.

LPC 17:0 elevation in myocardial infarction reflects both lipid remodeling and systemic inflammatory activation.

LRP1B participates in lipoprotein homeostasis and inflammatory signaling during atherothrombotic plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

LRRFIP1 participates in innate immune signaling affecting atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

LY96 amplifies TLR-mediated monocyte and endothelial activation, intensifying plaque inflammation and atherothrombotic susceptibility.

1 refsdruggable

Lymphotactin (XCL1)XCL1

Chemokine mediating lymphocyte recruitment in plaque inflammation and post-MI ventricular remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

Lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine

Lysoalkylphosphatidylcholine is a pro-inflammatory lipid mediator in dense LDL promoting vascular inflammation.

Lysolipids generated from lipoprotein remodeling act as endothelial and immune-cell activators, driving plaque inflammation.

Lysophosphatidylinositol

Lysophosphatidylinositol is a pro-inflammatory lipid mediator carried in dense LDL that amplifies plaque inflammation.

Macrophage Stimulating Protein 1MST1

MST1 enhances macrophage recruitment and inflammatory activation within the atherosclerotic plaque.

Mannan-binding Lectin Associated Serine Protease 1MASP1

MASP1 activates the lectin-complement pathway, driving plaque inflammation and cross-talk with coagulation.

1 refsdruggable

Mannosidase Alpha Class 1A Member 1MAN1A1

MAN1A1 participates in inflammatory response pathways activated during myocardial infarction and ischemic injury.

1 refsdruggable

MAP3K7CLMAP3K7CL

MAP3K7CL regulates kinase signaling in smooth-muscle cells, potentially modulating inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis.

MCEMP1 expression reflects mast-cell degranulation and vascular inflammation, contributing to plaque destabilization and thrombotic activation.

1 refsdruggable

MCP-4 (CCL8)CCL8

Monocyte-recruiting chemokine amplifying acute inflammatory response in STEMI plaque rupture.

1 refsdruggable

Methionine sulfoxide

Methionine sulfoxide is an oxidized amino acid product reflecting oxidative stress and plaque inflammation in acute myocardial infarction.

Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase AMSRA

Methionine sulfoxide reductase A reduces oxidative stress in atherosclerotic plaques and ischemic myocardium, limiting inflammation-driven plaque destabilizatio

MIA3 downstream of ADTRP modulates leukocyte adhesion molecule trafficking and endothelial activation, reducing plaque inflammation.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

microRNA-155MIR155

miR-155 promotes vascular inflammation and plaque destabilization by suppressing anti-inflammatory targets (BCL-6, STAT-3) and enhancing monocyte/macrophage inf

A microRNA regulating inflammatory pathways in acute coronary syndrome, controlling immune cell activation and vascular inflammation.

A microRNA modulating MI severity through regulation of inflammatory and cardiomyocyte injury pathways.

Midkine amplifies post-MI myocardial inflammation and adverse remodeling through growth-factor signaling on the plaque-inflammation and systemic-response axes.

1 refsdruggable

miRNA marking plaque inflammation and vascular dysfunction in acute coronary syndrome.

miR-130a modulates inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaque.

miR-130a-3p dysregulation impairs endothelial function and promotes vascular inflammation in coronary artery disease pathogenesis.

Circulating microRNA modulating inflammatory and matrix-remodeling pathways associated with atherosclerotic plaque severity.

miR-146a modulates innate immune and inflammatory signaling in plaque destabilization.

miR-146a-5p regulates inflammatory cytokine signaling during acute coronary syndromes, enabling ACS detection via plaque inflammation.

Circulating microRNA regulating inflammatory and lipid-metabolic gene networks dysregulated in coronary artery disease.

miR-20b-5p regulates osteopontin and inflammatory pathways in myocardial remodeling after MI.

miR-223-5p modulates myeloid cell activation and inflammatory responses associated with coronary artery disease.

Circulating miRNA dysregulated in acute coronary syndrome with roles in inflammation and ischemic injury.

miR-320a regulates osteopontin expression and inflammatory responses in atherothrombotic injury.

miR-320b regulates osteopontin and inflammatory signaling in post-MI myocardial remodeling.

miR-320d regulates osteopontin expression and inflammatory pathways in atherothrombotic injury.

miR-326 is a circulating biomarker dysregulated in CAD, modulating inflammatory and lipid-metabolism pathways in atherosclerotic plaque.

miR-378a-3p regulates osteopontin and inflammatory remodeling pathways in post-MI myocardial injury.

miR-520e is downregulated during acute coronary syndrome and inhibits cell-proliferation pathways relevant to plaque destabilization.

Circulating miRNA dysregulated in acute coronary syndrome, reflecting inflammatory and myocardial-injury mechanisms.

miR-802 upregulation amplifies endothelial inflammation and plaque destabilization in Type 1 MI, particularly in MINOCA phenotypes.

Circulating miRNA with roles in endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, predictive of acute coronary syndrome.

Mitochondrial transcription factor ATFAM

Mitochondrial transcription factor A released as a damage-associated molecular pattern promotes plaque inflammation and atherosclerotic progression.

1 refsdruggable

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 14MAP3K14

MAP3K14 activates non-canonical NF-κB signaling in plaque macrophages and vascular inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Monomeric C-reactive protein

mCRP drives plaque inflammation and is elevated in acute MI, reflecting inflammatory activation.

MSMP has putative roles in immune regulation and vascular remodeling with uncertain mechanistic links to atherothrombotic MI pathogenesis.

1 refsdruggable

Murinoglobulin-1MUG1

MUG1 inhibits neutrophil serine protease release, dampening post-MI inflammatory injury.

MyD88 transduces toll-like-receptor signals that drive monocyte recruitment and vascular inflammation destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

N-lactoyl-phenylalanine

N-lactoyl-phenylalanine is a metabolite of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation associated with acute myocardial infarction risk.

N6-methyladenosine

N6-methyladenosine modulates mRNA stability of atherosclerosis-related genes.

NOX-mediated ROS production drives endothelial activation and inflammatory cell recruitment; its inhibition supports endothelial progenitor repair.

NADPH oxidase 2CYBB

NOX2-catalyzed superoxide production oxidizes retained lipoproteins and amplifies inflammatory monocyte/macrophage recruitment in the atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refsdruggable

NAGLU is a causal target for oxidative stress-linked CAD contributing to plaque inflammation and atherosclerotic progression.

1 refsdruggable

NCF2 encodes p67phox, a core NADPH-oxidase subunit generating superoxide in activated macrophages and destabilizing plaques.

1 refsdruggable

NEAT1 modulates inflammatory gene expression and plaque stability through interaction with paraspeckle proteins.

NF-kappa-B Inhibitor AlphaNFKBIA

NFKBIA restrains NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaque development.

1 refsdruggable

NRIP3 is a CAD-variant-regulated gene in smooth muscle that modulates inflammatory and metabolic responses in atherosclerosis.

Nuclear Factor Interleukin 3 RegulatedNFIL3

NFIL3 is a transcriptional regulator of innate lymphoid cell and NK cell differentiation, implicated in CAD-associated immune dysregulation.

Oncostatin M ReceptorOSMR

OSMR mediates IL-6 receptor trans-signaling that promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

ORMDL3 regulates sphingolipid metabolism and innate immune signaling, modulating plaque inflammation in atherothrombosis.

1 refsdruggable

P2X7 ReceptorP2RX7

P2X7 receptor activation on neutrophils and macrophages amplifies plaque inflammation through inflammatory mediator release.

1 refsdruggable

P2Y Purinergic Receptor 14P2RY14

P2RY14 is an immune response receptor that regulates inflammatory cytokine production during atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

PAX8-AS1 regulates miR-15a-5p expression in endothelial cells, modulating inflammatory responses in acute coronary syndrome.

PDK4 expression in neutrophils promotes glycolytic metabolism supporting NETosis and neutrophil-driven plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2PGLYRP2

Innate immune sensor whose altered expression in STEMI amplifies plaque-destabilizing inflammation and monocyte recruitment.

1 refsdruggable

Peroxiredoxin-4PRDX4

Antioxidant peroxiredoxin that suppresses lipid oxidation and plaque inflammation; reduced activity promotes atherothrombotic progression.

1 refsdruggable

PFKFB3 upregulation couples glycolytic metabolism to inflammatory macrophage activation, amplifying plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

PFKL methylation and expression regulate neutrophil glycolysis and inflammatory activation in atherothrombotic disease.

1 refsdruggable

Phospholipase A2 Group IIDPLA2G2D

Secreted phospholipase regulating immune response and lipid mediator synthesis in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Phospholipase A2 group IIIPLA2G3

Phospholipase A2 isoform generating pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and oxidized phospholipids during atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

PIK3R3 downstream of ADTRP inhibits monocyte-endothelial adhesion and recruitment, suppressing plaque-destabilizing inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

PILRA regulates innate immune activation and monocyte/macrophage function in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Polyhomeotic Chromodomain-like Protein 2 (PHC2 / EDR1)PHC2

PHC2 expression dysregulation modulates immune cell activation in acute MI inflammation.

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptorPIGR

Immunoglobulin receptor present in circulating microvesicles; elevation during ACS indicates endothelial activation and inflammatory vascular response.

1 refsdruggable

PRMT9-mediated arginine methylation of PFKL and other substrates controls neutrophil activation and NET formation during coronary thrombosis.

1 refsdruggable

Pro-substance P

Pro-substance P amplifies vascular inflammation and platelet activation, increasing post-MI adverse-event risk.

Programmed cell death protein 1PDCD1

PD-1 signaling modulates plaque-infiltrating T-cell exhaustion and inflammation, influencing plaque stability and rupture susceptibility.

1 refsdruggable

Programmed death-ligand 1CD274

PD-L1 expression by macrophages and endothelial cells suppresses protective T-cell responses, promoting chronic plaque inflammation and instability.

1 refsdruggable

Prohibitin limits oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in atherosclerotic plaque.

Prostaglandin D

Elevated prostaglandin D in atherosclerotic aorta reflects increased eicosanoid-driven inflammatory activation of the plaque.

Prostaglandin D synthasePTGDS

Prostaglandin D synthase participates in eicosanoid-mediated plaque inflammation and platelet modulation during atherothrombotic rupture.

1 refsdruggable

Prostaglandin J2

PGJ2 promotes monocyte infiltration and inflammatory cytokine production, destabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque.

Protease-activated receptor 2F2RL1

PAR-2 activation by trypsin amplifies vascular inflammation and monocyte/macrophage infiltration destabilizing the atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refsdruggable

Protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit 3APPP2R3A

PPP2R3A modulates phosphatase activity in inflammatory pathways implicated in coronary atherothrombotic disease.

Protein phosphatase 5PPP5C

Protein phosphatase 5 controls leukotriene B4 production by regulating 5-lipoxygenase phosphorylation, amplifying inflammatory cell recruitment to the plaque.

1 refsdruggable

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Nonreceptor Type 6PTPN6

PTPN6 modulates immune cell activation in acute myocardial injury.

1 refsdruggable

PSMB8-AS1PSMB8-AS1

Long non-coding RNA dysregulated in acute coronary syndrome with inflammatory and injury-associated roles.

PTPN21 phosphatase regulates macrophage signaling and M2 polarization in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.

PTPRC (CD45) is a leukocyte-signaling hub gene dysregulated in acute MI with concurrent chronic renal failure.

1 refsdruggable

PU.1 controls myeloid and macrophage differentiation programs central to atherosclerotic inflammation and lipid handling.

1 refsdruggable

PYHIN1 is a pattern-recognition innate immune sensor; smoking-associated variants modulate inflammatory response in AMI.

Receptor for Advanced Glycation End ProductsAGER

AGER (RAGE) mediates recognition of advanced glycation end products and oxidized lipids, amplifying plaque inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

1 refsdruggable

REG1P is associated with M2 macrophage programming and inflammatory remodeling in atherosclerotic plaques.

REL proto-oncogeneREL

REL is an NF-κB family member driving post-MI T cell and immune activation.

Resolvin E1 dampens monocyte/macrophage recruitment and cytokine production, promoting plaque stabilization.

Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma-tRORC

RORγt directs Th17 differentiation and IL-17 secretion, amplifying plaque inflammation and destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

RNAS6 participates in vascular inflammation and fibrotic remodeling associated with atherosclerotic plaque progression.

RP11-247A12.1 circulating levels reflect macrophage apoptosis and autophagy dysregulation in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

Circulating lncRNA regulating apoptosis and autophagy pathways implicated in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and myocardial injury.

Circulating lncRNA regulating apoptosis and autophagy pathways implicated in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and myocardial injury.

Circulating lncRNA regulating apoptosis and autophagy pathways implicated in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and myocardial injury.

Circulating lncRNA regulating apoptosis and autophagy pathways implicated in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and myocardial injury.

RP5-1114G22.2 circulating levels reflect macrophage apoptosis and autophagy dysregulation in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

RP5-902P8.10 circulating levels reflect macrophage apoptosis and autophagy dysregulation in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.

RPTOR is a causal target linking oxidative stress and mTOR-driven metabolic dysregulation to plaque inflammation and atherothrombosis.

1 refsdruggable

Alarmin driving macrophage-mediated plaque inflammation and structural instability.

1 refsdruggable

S100A6 mediates monocyte/macrophage recruitment and inflammatory signaling destabilizing atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refsdruggable

Secretoglobin family 3A member 2SCGB3A2

SCGB3A2 modulates plaque inflammation and endothelial activation in atherothrombotic lesions during STEMI pathogenesis.

1 refsdruggable

Semaphorin-3BSEMA3B

Pericoronary SEMA3B dysregulation drives vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction contributing to atherosclerotic plaque development.

1 refsdruggable

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5STAT5

STAT5 signaling propagates T cell activation and cytokine production during acute myocardial infarction inflammation.

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6STAT6

STAT6 modulates Th2 immunity and vascular inflammation in SCAD pathogenesis.

1 refsdruggable

SMAD Family Member (Canonical TGF-β Signaling)

SMAD signaling regulates fibrotic and inflammatory remodeling of the atherosclerotic plaque and fibrous cap.

Small Nucleolar RNA C/D Box 113-2SNORD113-2

SNORD113-2 regulates ribosomal and protein maturation pathways implicated in cardiovascular inflammation and pathology.

Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 7SNHG7

SNHG7 regulates inflammatory pathways and myocardial remodeling relevant to acute coronary syndrome progression.

SNHG18 is a long non-coding RNA regulated by CAD variants in smooth muscle cells that influences plaque inflammation.

SOCS3 is a negative regulator of inflammatory cytokine signaling, suppressing macrophage-driven plaque inflammation during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Soluble MHC Class I Chain-Related Protein AMICA

sMICA is an early marker of stress-induced immune activation and endothelial shedding during acute myocardial injury and plaque inflammation.

Specificity Protein 1SP1

SP1 transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and lipid-metabolism genes in atherosclerotic plaque cells.

Sphinganine, a sphingoid base precursor, accumulates in response to environmental particulate matter and mediates oxidative inflammation driving atherosclerosis

SPI-B transcription factorSPIB

SPIB controls transcriptional programs of immune tolerance that suppress post-MI inflammatory injury.

Succinate dehydrogenaseSDHA

Succinate dehydrogenase impairment elevates succinate levels, coupling mitochondrial dysfunction to pro-inflammatory innate immune activation in atherosclerotic

1 refsdruggable

Succinate receptor 1SUCNR1

SUCNR1 activation by succinate released during ischemia-reperfusion promotes inflammatory signaling and cardiac damage.

1 refsdruggable

Sulfotransferase SULT1E1 regulates estrogen-dependent vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque development.

1 refsdruggable

Superoxide anion

Superoxide anion inactivates nitric oxide, impairing endothelial vasodilation and promoting inflammation and plaque destabilization.

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3HAVCR2

Immune tolerance receptor expressed on inflammatory cells; dysregulation promotes pathogenic immune response in atherosclerotic plaque.

1 refsdruggable

Tanshinone IIA modulates macrophage function and reduces inflammatory injury in myocardial infarction.

TBK1 mediates inflammatory signaling cascades that destabilize atherosclerotic plaques and contribute to myocardial injury.

1 refsdruggable

Terminal complement complex

Terminal complement complex activation marks systemic inflammatory cascade and prothrombotic state in acute MI.

TGF-β receptor 3 modulates plaque inflammation and fibrotic stability via TGF-β pathway signaling.

1 refsdruggable

THBS3 modulates inflammatory responses and matrix remodeling in atherosclerotic plaques.

1 refsdruggable

Thioredoxin-interacting proteinTXNIP

TXNIP activates the NLRP3 inflammasome to drive atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, destabilization and rupture-prone progression.

1 refsdruggable

TLR5 activation drives monocyte and endothelial inflammation, amplifying atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and thrombotic risk.

1 refsdruggable

Toll-Like Receptor 9TLR9

TLR9 activation by plaque-derived DAMPs and microbial motifs drives monocyte/macrophage-mediated plaque inflammation.

1 refsdruggable

Transcription Factor 3TCF3

TCF3 is a transcriptional regulator differentially expressed in type 2 diabetes with CAD, affecting immune cell differentiation.

Transglutaminase 2TGM2

TGM2 drives plaque inflammation through cross-linking of inflammatory mediators and matrix proteins.

1 refsdruggable

Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 4TRPM4

TRPM4 activation amplifies proinflammatory Ca2+ signaling in leukocytes and cardiomyocytes, exacerbating plaque inflammation and ischemic injury post-MI.

1 refsdruggable

Transmembrane Activator and Calcium-Modulator and Cyclophilin Ligand InteractorTNFRSF13B

TACI mediates B-cell activation and immunoglobulin production; altered TACI signaling affects adaptive immunity in plaque inflammation and correlates with myoca

1 refsdruggable

Small RNA fragment mobilizing macrophage-driven plaque inflammation in acute coronary syndrome.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing LigandTNFSF10

TRAIL promotes apoptosis in plaque macrophages and contributes to ventricular remodeling; inverse LVEF correlation reflects cardiomyocyte loss and dysfunction.

1 refsdruggable

TWIST family bHLH transcription factor 1TWIST1

TWIST1 drives inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling in atherosclerotic arterial walls.

UBR2 regulates protein quality control and inflammatory signaling in vascular disease.

1 refsdruggable

VNN1 enhances NF-κB signaling to amplify post-MI inflammation and cardiac remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

Vascular Adhesion Protein-1AOC3

VAP-1 promotes leukocyte recruitment to inflamed endothelium and amplifies reperfusion injury in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Interferon-stimulated effector protein whose elevation in microvesicles reflects systemic antiviral and inflammatory immune activation.

VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) mediates monocyte adhesion to endothelial VCAM-1, promoting leukocyte recruitment and plaque destabilization.

1 refsdruggable

Circulating lncRNA regulating apoptosis and autophagy pathways implicated in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and myocardial injury.

Colony stimulating factor 3 receptorCSF3R

Regulates neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory cell activation in plaque inflammation.

geneticdruggable

Nectin cell adhesion molecule 2NECTIN2

Adhesion molecule mediating leukocyte-endothelial engagement; supports plaque inflammation.

geneticdruggable

Oncostatin MOSM

OSM drives macrophage and smooth-muscle activation in atherosclerotic plaque; elevated in acute inflammation.

geneticdruggable

Chemotactic growth factor promoting vascular inflammation and smooth-muscle-cell migration.