β-Hydroxybutyrate
metaboliteA ketone body that reflects metabolic stress and myocardial ischemic burden, signaling energy metabolism dysregulation.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepOff-pathway / systemic markers
Confidencemedium
RationaleKetone body marker of metabolic stress and ischemic burden; not plaque-specific mechanism.
Also acts inMyocardial injury
Druggability
Not assessed (no mapped human gene target).
Type I vs non-Type I discrimination
ScoresLow-confidence (proxy)
R — rupture / Type-I32
C — non-Type-I71
A — assay feasibility42
E — evidence strength28
T1DI (composite)4
Specificity differential (R−C)-38.8
Non-Type-I axis panel
Does this marker also move in each non-Type-I setting? mag 0–3; higher means less Type-I-specific. n/a = no evidence retrieved, which is not the same as no change.
No non-Type-I axis evidence retrieved.
Tier: light (literature co-occurrence proxy — lower confidence). See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Class-level default (no specific cleared assay)— generic method inferred from analyte class; confirm against a specific product insert before use.
Specimen
Serum, plasma or urine
Collection tube
Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST) · Lithium heparin (green-top) · Sterile urine container
Method / principle
LC-MS/MS (targeted metabolomics) or enzymatic colorimetric where available
Reagent / substrate
Stable-isotope-labeled internal standard (MS); or enzyme-coupled Trinder reagent
Platform
LC-MS/MS; some automated chemistry
Turnaround · availability
Send-out / research · Specialized / research
Literature evidence(3)
- Silent Myocardial Infarction Revisited: Immuno-metabolic Mechanisms, Multimodal Biomarkers, and Translational Diagnostics.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026 · PMID 41784746 · doi
- The role of ketone bodies in oxidized LDL-induced cell proliferation and lipid accumulation of macrophages.International journal of experimental pathology · 2025 · PMID 40448300 · doi
- A metabonomic study of cardioprotection of ginsenosides, schizandrin, and ophiopogonin D against acute myocardial infarction in rats.BMC complementary and alternative medicine · 2014 · PMID 25249156 · doi