Off-pathway / systemic markers

← Full pathway

Off-pathway / systemic markers

Molecules associated with MI but acting on a separate axis: Type 2 supply–demand (natriuretic peptides, lactate), renal/hemodynamic stress, generic acute-phase, or neurohormonal — shown for completeness, not placed on the atherothrombotic cascade.

435 molecules · 107 druggable · 17 with clinical trials

Canonical markers: NT-proBNP, BNP, lactate, cystatin C, galectin-3, ST2

B-type natriuretic peptideNPPB

BNP reflects post-infarction cardiac insufficiency and hemodynamic strain, operating off the atherothrombotic axis.

60 refs1 trialsgeneticdruggable

Growth differentiation factor 15GDF15

GDF15 reflects systemic stress, cardiac injury, and post-infarction remodeling, operating on a parallel outcome axis.

39 refsgeneticdruggable

ST2 signals myocardial stress and remodeling response post-infarction, serving as an off-pathway hemodynamic/mechanical stress indicator.

21 refsdruggable

Cystatin C reflects glomerular filtration and renal function; elevated levels indicate cardiorenal risk and mortality in acute coronary syndrome.

17 refsgeneticdruggable

Tryptophan metabolism dysregulation associates with immune dysbalance and heightened atherosclerotic inflammation in MI risk, operating through systemic pathway

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)LCN2

NGAL is released by activated neutrophils and indicates acute kidney injury and renal dysfunction occurring as a hemodynamic consequence of MI.

8 refs1 trialsgeneticdruggable

AMPK decline impairs metabolic stress response and cardioprotection, contributing to energy depletion and inflammatory dysregulation post-MI.

Creatinine elevation indicates renal hypoperfusion and glomerular dysfunction secondary to cardiorenal injury and systemic endothelial stress in acute infarctio

N-terminal pro-A-type natriuretic peptideNPPA

MR-proANP reflects cardiac wall stress and hemodynamic burden following MI, prognosticating heart failure and mortality independent of coronary thrombosis.

8 refsgeneticdruggable

Fibroblast Growth Factor 23FGF23

FGF23 acts as a systemic prognostic biomarker for acute coronary syndrome severity and post-MI mortality, reflecting hemodynamic and metabolic stress.

7 refs1 trialsdruggable

Albumin reduction in acute MI reflects systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, serving as a generic stress and hemodynamic marker.

Midregional Pro-AdrenomedullinADM

MR-proADM reflects endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic stress, and renal complications; predicts MI and heart failure outcomes.

7 refsdruggable

natriuretic peptides

Natriuretic peptides are released by stressed ventricular myocardium post-infarction, indicating ventricular remodeling and hemodynamic compromise.

Protein S deficiency or dysfunction impairs anticoagulation, increasing arterial thrombosis risk independent of plaque-specific mechanisms.

7 refsdruggable

Renin elevation reflects renin-angiotensin system activation and systemic hemodynamic/inflammatory stress during infarction.

6 refs2 trialsdruggable

Heme oxygenase-1HMOX1

HO-1 acts as a systemic oxidative-stress and inflammation-resolution marker, with dysregulated expression post-MI affecting vascular recovery.

6 refsdruggable

Lipopolysaccharide-Binding ProteinLBP

LBP facilitates innate immune responses and systemic inflammation associated with acute MI but acts on a distinct inflammatory axis.

5 refs1 trialsdruggable

BRAP is a genetic risk variant associated with CAD and MI but does not directly participate in the atherothrombotic cascade mechanism.

Alanine elevation reflects myocardial metabolic distress and amino-acid catabolism during acute MI and recovery.

Glycine is a protective amino acid metabolite associated with reduced acute coronary syndrome risk and myocardial protection via systemic metabolic pathways.

Heat-shock protein 70HSPA1A

HSP70 elevation indicates cellular stress response to myocardial ischemia and endothelial dysfunction in acute MI.

4 refsdruggable

Lactate elevation reflects myocardial anaerobic metabolism and hypoxia during acute coronary syndrome.

Linoleic acid depletion in acute myocardial infarction reflects altered lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and ischemia-reperfusion-mediated metabolic derangem

Testosterone deficiency increases atherosclerotic disease progression and thrombotic risk through inflammatory and hemostatic effects.

Hepatocyte Growth FactorHGF

HGF functions as a post-MI inflammation and angiogenesis-related marker, reflecting myocardial injury response and atherosclerotic burden.

3 refs2 trialsdruggable

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

EPA is an anti-inflammatory omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that reduces systemic inflammation, triglycerides and overall atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk

AngiotensinogenAGT

Substrate for renin-angiotensin system; systemic regulator of vascular inflammation, remodeling, and hemodynamic recovery post-MI.

3 refsdruggable

Basic Fibroblast Growth FactorFGF2

bFGF promotes angiogenesis and vascular remodeling during myocardial recovery but does not drive atherothrombotic events.

3 refsdruggable

Betaine deficiency is associated with plaque vulnerability and secondary MI risk through altered one-carbon metabolism.

Clusterin modulates left-ventricular remodeling and angiogenesis following myocardial injury.

3 refsdruggable

Dimethylglycine

Dysregulated one-carbon metabolism and methylation homeostasis associates with myocardial-infarction and heart-failure risk.

Isocitrate dysregulation reflects myocardial energetic exhaustion and predicts both AMI diagnosis and major adverse cardiac events.

Kidney injury molecule-1HAVCR1

Kidney injury molecule-1 reflects renal dysfunction and systemic ischemic injury independent of the atherothrombotic cascade.

3 refsgeneticdruggable

LTA is a genetic risk locus associated with MI susceptibility but lacks direct mechanistic role in the atherothrombotic cascade.

3 refsdruggable

Methylenetetrahydrofolate ReductaseMTHFR

MTHFR genetic variation affects homocysteine levels, increasing thrombosis risk and blood pressure.

3 refsdruggable

Orosomucoid-1ORM1

Orosomucoid-1 is a systemic acute-phase protein and immune-response marker elevated in ischemic MI, not plaque-mechanism-specific.

3 refsdruggable

ProcalcitoninCALCA

Procalcitonin is a systemic inflammatory marker elevated in MI-associated infection and ischemic stress, off the atherothrombotic cascade.

3 refsdruggable

TWEAK (TNF Superfamily Member 12)TNFSF12

TWEAK mediates angiogenesis and neovascularization following myocardial infarction as part of the post-injury healing response.

3 refsdruggable

Vitamin D-Binding ProteinGC

Vitamin D-binding protein is an acute-phase reactant and immunomodulatory molecule whose decreased levels in acute MI correlate with disease severity and multiv

3 refsdruggable

β-Hydroxybutyrate

A ketone body that reflects metabolic stress and myocardial ischemic burden, signaling energy metabolism dysregulation.

Cortisol elevation during acute MI reflects systemic stress response via HPA-axis independent of atherothrombotic cascade.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PPAR-mediated cardioprotective peroxisome-proliferator signaling is attenuated in post-MI myocardial stunning and heart-failure progression.

Pyruvate dysregulation reflects myocardial metabolic dysfunction and cardiomyocyte ischemia during acute MI.

3-Hydroxybutyrate

3-Hydroxybutyrate reflects myocardial metabolic stress and energy depletion during acute coronary syndrome.

A ketone body and metabolic intermediate reflecting energy metabolism dysregulation and ischemic metabolic stress in MI.

Adipokine regulating systemic inflammation and metabolic risk in coronary disease progression.

Branched-chain amino-acid catabolism regulates cardioprotective metabolic remodelling via oxoeicosanoid-receptor signalling.

Branched-chain amino acids

BCAA dysmetabolism is a metabolomic signature associated with acute coronary syndrome pathogenesis.

Chenodeoxycholic acid

Bile acid dysregulation associated with acute coronary syndrome, acting as a systemic metabolic marker rather than a direct atherothrombotic mechanism.

Corticosterone elevation reflects acute stress and inflammatory regulation during myocardial injury and recovery.

Epinephrine surge during acute MI reflects systemic neuroendocrine stress response independent of atherothrombotic cascade.

Ferritin is a systemic marker of oxidative stress and hemolysis associated with myocardial infarction risk and adverse outcomes.

Follistatin elevation predicts MI risk through mechanisms related to inflammatory signaling and metabolic homeostasis.

Galectin-4LGALS4

Galectin-4 is a lectin mediating cell–cell interactions and immune regulation, with elevated levels associated with coronary artery disease risk.

Glycogen phosphorylase LPYGL

Glycogenolysis enzyme linked to lactate generation and lactylation signaling in acute myocardial stress.

GPR109a activation by β-hydroxybutyrate and short-chain fatty acids promotes anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization and cardiac function.

GPR41 activation by short-chain fatty acids and ketone bodies mediates blood-pressure control and inflammation resolution in MI.

GPR43 signaling by short-chain fatty acids and ketone bodies regulates cardiac function and systemic inflammation independent of atherothrombosis.

Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen-sulfide gasotransmitter signalling, enhanced by β-blockade, protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in acute coronary syndromes.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 4IGFBP4

IGFBP4 elevation in acute MI reflects systemic inflammatory and metabolic stress response independent of plaque rupture mechanisms.

Klotho modulates FGF23-driven myocardial processes and serves as a diagnostic biomarker for myocardial infarction via systemic mineral-metabolism pathways.

Matrix Extracellular PhosphoglycoproteinMEPE

MEPE reflects systemic mineral metabolism and bone remodeling concurrent with MI but not a direct cascade mediator.

Oxoglutarate dehydrogenaseOGDH

OGDH activity controls tricarboxylic-acid cycle flux and myocardial energetics during ischaemia-reperfusion and post-MI metabolic remodelling.

Proteasome subunit alpha 6PSMA6

PSMA6 is a MI susceptibility locus, plausibly linked to proteasomal regulation of inflammatory or cell-cycle signaling.

Sclerostin, a Wnt antagonist from bone, reflects post-MI cardiac remodeling and systemic stress responses independent of atherothrombotic progression.

Solute carrier family 7 member 7SLC7A7

Cationic amino-acid transporter linked to lactate–lactylation signaling in acute myocardial injury.

Stearic acid depletion post-myocardial infarction indicates altered fatty acid oxidation and metabolic stress in damaged myocardium.

Tartrate-Resistant Acid PhosphataseACP5

TRAP reflects osteoclast activity and systemic bone metabolism but is not a direct atherothrombotic cascade mediator.

Taurocholic acid

TCDCA is a primary bile acid altered in acute coronary syndrome metabolism, reflecting systemic dysregulation via the enterohepatic circulation.

Thrombospondin-2THBS2

Thrombospondin-2 regulates post-infarction myocardial remodeling and fibrosis, a secondary repair process distinct from atherothrombosis.

Tyrosine dysmetabolism reflects systemic ischemic stress and myocardial metabolic dysfunction during acute MI.

UDP-glucose elevation reflects altered glucose metabolism and immune-cell glycosylation during ischemia-reperfusion.

xanthurenic acid

Xanthurenic acid dysregulation reflects impaired tryptophan metabolism and systemic metabolic stress in acute MI.

Zinc finger homeobox 3ZFHX3

ZFHX3 genetic variants modulate DNA methylation and AF/stroke risk; possible indirect atherosclerotic-inflammation pathway.

CoQ10 depletion after STEMI impairs myocardial mitochondrial ATP production and antioxidant defense, worsening ischemic injury.

Mannose reflects altered carbohydrate metabolism and systemic stress in acute myocardial infarction.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D

25-Hydroxyvitamin D status is associated with coronary disease risk through systemic mineral and immune regulation.

Elevated acetate reflects myocardial Krebs-cycle impairment during ischemia-reperfusion injury.

alpha-linolenic acid

Alpha-linolenic acid dysregulation in young adults with acute myocardial infarction reflects disrupted lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Nicotinamide reflects altered NAD+ metabolism and energetic stress during myocardial ischemia.

Elevated SAH/SAM ratio post-MI reflects impaired methylation capacity and mitochondrial CoQ deficiency.

1-carboxyethyltyrosine

1-carboxyethyltyrosine is a protein-bound marker of oxidative modification and subclinical CVD burden.

1,5-Anhydroglucitol

Glycaemic control and metabolic stability associated with reduced acute coronary-syndrome risk.

12-oxo-lithocholic acid

Oxidized secondary bile acid reflecting perturbed hepatic lipid metabolism and systemic response to MI.

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone

17α-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid-pathway metabolite associated with systemic stress response in acute myocardial injury.

2-aminoadipic acid

2-Aminoadipic acid dysregulation associates with diabetes risk and metabolic dysfunction in acute heart failure.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid

2-Hydroxybutyrate, an abnormal fatty-acid oxidation product, marks myocardial ischemic metabolic dysfunction in early acute coronary syndromes.

20-HETE ethanolamide

20-HETE ethanolamide is an eicosanoid metabolite associated with lipid peroxidation and acute myocardial injury.

3-beta-hydroxybutyrate

3-beta-hydroxybutyrate serves as an alternative cardiac energy substrate with cardioprotective signaling properties independent of the Type 1 atherothrombotic c

3-Hydroxybutyric acid

3-Hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, reflects myocardial ischemic switching to ketone oxidation and metabolic stress in acute coronary syndromes.

3-Methionine-Histidine

3-Methionine-Histidine is an amino acid metabolite associated with antiplatelet drug response and systemic metabolic adaptation.

3-Methylglutarylcarnitine

3-Methylglutarylcarnitine elevation in ACS reflects perturbed branched-chain amino acid catabolism and myocardial metabolic stress.

3-methylhistamine

3-methylhistamine is a histamine metabolite associated with acute myocardial infarction but not a specific atherothrombotic cascade marker.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

5-HIAA, a serotonin metabolite, reflects systemic redox stress and neurohormonal activation relevant to cardiac injury but not plaque mechanics.

5-oxo-D-proline

5-oxo-D-proline is a circulating metabolite elevated in acute coronary syndrome with plausible links to oxidative stress during acute myocardial injury.

5,6-EET is a cytochrome P450-derived eicosanoid associated with lipid-mediated pathophysiology in acute myocardial events.

8-epi-PGF2α, an isoprostane, marks oxidative stress and modulates vascular tone and platelet function in acute ischemic disease.

8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid

8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid reduction post-myocardial infarction reflects disrupted polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and ischemic metabolic remodeling.

9-cis-retinoic acid

9-cis-retinoic acid is a retinoid-signaling metabolite whose levels predict post-STEMI ventricular arrhythmia risk.

ABCC1 suppression by miR-30a-5p dysregulates intracellular metabolite transport, linking dysbiosis to systemic MI risk.

ABCC8 regulates ATP-sensitive K+ channels affecting glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk independent of atherothrombotic cascade.

ACAP3 super-enhancer regulation associates with coronary artery disease susceptibility through altered transcriptional control.

Acetyl-tryptophan

Acetyl-tryptophan is a tryptophan metabolite reflecting systemic immune activation and acute myocardial injury.

Acetylcarnitine

Acylcarnitine reflecting perturbed energy metabolism and lipid handling in ischemia and atherosclerotic plaque.

Polyamine metabolite dysregulation marking reduced left-ventricular ejection fraction post-MI.

Aconitate dysregulation reflects myocardial TCA cycle dysfunction and metabolic decompensation predicting adverse outcomes after acute MI.

Acylcarnitine accumulation indicates mitochondrial lipid-oxidation stress and myocardial metabolic dysfunction.

Adenosine A3 ReceptorADORA3

An adenosine-signaling gene associated with acute MI, modulating cardioprotective and platelet-inhibitory pathways.

ADH1B variants influence alcohol-dependent lipid metabolism and systemic inflammation, modulating cardiovascular disease risk.

ADRA1A-mediated α1-adrenergic signaling provides cardioprotection against myocardial ischemic injury.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

Decreased circulating adropin in MI reflects impaired metabolic regulation and myocardial ischemia.

AKT1 substrate 1 (PRAS40)AKT1S1

AKT1S1 modulates mTORC1 signaling and autophagy; dysregulation promotes lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions and cardiomyocytes.

AMP deaminase 2AMPD2

Adenosine metabolism enzyme linked to lactate–lactylation signaling in acute myocardial injury.

Angiopoietin-1ANGPT1

Angiopoietin-1 enhances endothelial barrier function and vascular stability, reducing infarct size through cardioprotection.

Ankyrin Repeat and Sterile Alpha Motif Domains 1AANKS1A

A genetic locus associated with CAD susceptibility, with pleiotropic or signaling effects.

Apelin dysregulation in acute MI reflects endothelial dysfunction but acts primarily on systemic hemodynamic recovery.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

Argininosuccinic acid

Argininosuccinic acid accumulation reflects metabolic stress and inversely correlates with acute coronary syndrome severity.

ARHGAP19ARHGAP19

ARHGAP19 is a protective gene linked to supernormal coronary-artery phenotype; regulates Rho signaling and vascular-smooth-muscle tone via developmental mechani

Bbeta15-42 is a fibrin-derived peptide that exerts anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects during reperfusion injury after MI.

Branched-chain amino-acid catabolism via BCKDH complex regulates myocardial energetics and metabolic homoeostasis.

Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferaseBHMT

BHMT is a cardiometabolic risk gene encoding homocysteine metabolism enzyme; elevated homocysteine is a systemic CAD risk factor outside the atherothrombotic ca

Decreased bile-acid biosynthesis in CAD impairs FXR/TGR5-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling, exacerbating vascular inflammation in MI.

Biliverdin reductase BBLVRB

BLVRB expression affects oxidative stress and vascular function in response to antihypertensive treatment.

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6BMP6

A signaling molecule associated with acute MI, regulating inflammation and vascular remodeling.

C-terminal pro-Endothelin-1

C-terminal pro-Endothelin-1 predicts post-MI mortality and heart-failure progression through vascular dysfunction and cardiac remodeling independent of the athe

CACNA1E variants confer coronary artery disease risk through vascular calcium signaling.

25-hydroxyvitamin D circulates as the primary vitamin D status marker; deficiency associates with MI risk through immune and vascular calcification pathways.

Active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) modulates vascular calcification and endothelial health through systemic calcium-phosphate and immune pathways.

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IICAMK2A

CaMKII activity, modulated by β-adrenergic blockade with carvedilol, regulates calcium homoeostasis and contractile dysfunction in post-MI cardiomyopathy.

CAMK2G super-enhancer regulation associates with coronary artery disease susceptibility through altered transcriptional control.

Cardiotrophin-1CT1

CT-1 signaling drives pathologic myocardial remodeling and cardiomyocyte dysfunction after MI.

CARF modulates vascular smooth muscle cell behavior, influencing atherosclerotic plaque composition and stability.

Carnitine metabolism associates with stroke risk through systemic metabolic pathways independent of plaque rupture.

Cartilage Acidic Protein 1CRTAC1

CRTAC1 is associated with cellular survival signaling and systemic metabolic response in acute myocardial infarction.

CBFA2/RUNX1 Partner Transcriptional Co-repressor 3CBFA2T3

CBFA2T3 is a CAD-associated super-enhancer-regulated gene whose role in atherothrombotic MI likely involves cell-type-specific transcriptional control.

CD8A+ T-cell populations exert protective immune regulation against myocardial infarction pathogenesis.

CeruloplasminCP

Ceruloplasmin reflects systemic oxidative stress and heart-failure burden, not atherothrombotic cascade.

Bile acid-amino acid conjugate reflecting perturbed hepatic lipid metabolism and systemic response to myocardial injury.

Citrate dysregulation reflects impaired myocardial oxidative metabolism and ischemic injury burden in acute coronary syndrome.

Citrate synthaseCS

Citrate-synthase expression regulates oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial-ATP synthesis during post-MI cardiac remodelling.

Claudin-1 loss compromises intestinal-epithelial barrier integrity, promoting lipopolysaccharide translocation and systemic inflammatory MI risk.

Connexin 43GJA1

Connexin 43 maintains gap-junction integrity in the myocardium and is affected by ischemic injury but does not drive atherothrombotic pathogenesis.

COQ3 downregulation post-MI impairs coenzyme Q10 synthesis, reducing mitochondrial ATP generation.

COQ5 downregulation post-MI reduces CoQ10 synthesis, exacerbating mitochondrial energy deficit.

Corin mediates cardiac remodeling and natriuretic peptide processing in post-infarction heart failure pathophysiology.

Coronin-1ACORO1A

Coronin-1A reflects myocardial electrical instability and sudden death risk, separate from atherothrombotic pathway.

Corticosteroid-binding globulinSERPINA6

Corticosteroid-binding globulin distinguishes Type 1 MI from other acute conditions through differential HPA-axis activation and systemic stress responses.

Cortisone elevation post-myocardial infarction marks acute stress-hormone response and immunosuppressive regulation.

CYB mitochondrial dysfunction impairs oxidative metabolism, contributing to exercise intolerance and systemic CAD risk.

Cyclic GMP serves as a vascular signaling molecule whose levels correlate with atherosclerotic plaque burden.

A genetic susceptibility locus for MI, likely acting through ion transport or metabolic regulation.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 18CDK18

A genetic locus for CAD in Type 1 diabetes, potentially modulating endothelial cell proliferation or inflammation.

CYP17A1 genetic variants modulate lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis susceptibility through altered steroid and lipid synthesis.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

CYP2J2 generates epoxyeicosatrienoic acids that promote angiogenesis and endothelial recovery post-MI but do not participate directly in atherothrombosis.

Cystathionine β-synthaseCBS

CBS is a cardiometabolic risk gene encoding homocysteine metabolism enzyme; deficiency elevates homocysteine, a systemic CAD risk factor independent of atheroth

Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)CTH

CSE-mediated H₂S generation is a metoprolol target that modulates cardioprotection and vascular remodeling post-MI.

Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2CARS2

CARS2 supports mitochondrial translation and may suppress systemic inflammatory burden.

D-Fructose is a carbohydrate metabolite associated with coronary artery disease via systemic metabolic dysregulation and glucose homeostasis.

D/L-2-Hydroxyglutarate

D/L-2-hydroxyglutarate is linked to mortality risk after acute coronary syndrome, indicating systemic metabolic dysregulation.

DCBLD2 is a systemic cardiovascular biomarker associated with MI risk, mechanism off-pathway.

Decenoylcarnitine

Decenoylcarnitine accumulation indicates dysregulated myocardial fatty-acid oxidation and ischemic metabolic stress.

Dehydrophytosphingosine

Dehydrophytosphingosine is a sphingolipid metabolite whose abundance predicts post-STEMI ventricular fibrillation risk.

Deoxycholic acid

Secondary bile acid associated with acute myocardial infarction risk via altered microbiota–liver–vascular signaling.

DHEAS is a steroid hormone whose altered metabolism associates with dyspnea in antiplatelet therapy, reflecting systemic drug response.

DIP2 Disco-Interacting Protein 2 Homolog BDIP2B

DIP2B is a CAD-associated super-enhancer-regulated gene whose role in MI is likely mediated through tissue-specific transcriptional regulation.

Docosahexaenoate

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that promotes cardiac recovery and reduces systemic inflammation after myocardial infarction.

EDNRA mediates endothelin-1 signaling in cardiovascular pathogenesis; associated with heart failure and systemic vascular dysfunction.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

Eicosapentaenoate

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that reduces systemic inflammation and supports cardiac recovery post-MI.

ELP3, involved in DNA replication and cellular stress responses, contributes to myocardial infarction pathology through mechanisms not directly on the atherothr

EPA-derived lipid mediator provides cardioprotection via anti-inflammatory metabolic remodelling and improved myocardial energetics.

Ephrin type-B receptor 4EPHB4

EphB4 promotes lymphatic regeneration and cardiac recovery after MI through tissue-repair pathways distinct from atherothrombotic cascade.

Ephrin-B2 directs lymphatic vessel formation and cardiac recovery after ischemic injury, independent of plaque destabilization mechanisms.

Erythritol is a polyol metabolite associated with coronary heart disease risk via systemic carbohydrate metabolism dysregulation.

ESR1 hypermethylation associates with coronary heart disease and may alter estrogen-mediated vascular homeostasis and inflammation.

Ethanolamine metabolism is altered with acute coronary events and mediates intestinal-mediated cardioprotection.

Family With Sequence Similarity 189 Member A2FAM189A2

A genetic locus associated with CAD risk in Type 1 diabetes, with uncharacterized mechanism.

Fibroblast growth factor 21FGF21

FGF21 is a stress-responsive metabolic hormone linked to atherosclerosis and MI risk through systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis rather than direct plaque-de

FOXO3 is a stress-responsive transcription factor regulating inflammatory and metabolic pathways; systemic MI risk modifier.

Galectin-3LGALS3

Galectin-3 reflects post-MI cardiac fibrosis and remodeling; acts as an off-pathway systemic indicator of myocardial stress.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

Galectin-9 modulates immune homeostasis and predicts cardiovascular risk in atherosclerotic disease.

Gamma-glutamyl-glutamic acid

Glutathione-pathway metabolite marking oxidative stress and systemic metabolic perturbation in atherosclerosis.

GATA4 regulates cardiac transcription and epicardial stem-cell differentiation, contributing to post-MI repair rather than atherothrombotic mechanism.

GCKR variants modulate hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, reducing atherogenic dyslipidemia and systemic cardiovascular risk.

GDNF family receptor alpha-likeGFRAL

GFRAL mediates GDF-15 signaling in systemic metabolic stress and cardiometabolic homeostasis distinct from atherothrombotic rupture.

GlcNAc-1-Phosphotransferase Subunits Alpha and BetaGNPTAB

GNPTAB dysregulation affects intracellular trafficking and may alter inflammatory cell function.

GCK variants modulate cardiometabolic risk through altered glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion affecting MI susceptibility.

Gluconic acid is an oxidized glucose metabolite whose elevation indicates acute myocardial infarction via glucose metabolism dysregulation.

Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic PolypeptideGIP

GIP dysregulation associates with metabolic dysfunction and accelerated coronary atherosclerosis in Type 1 MI.

Glycerol elevation reflects acute lipid mobilization and ischemia-driven metabolic perturbation in ACS.

Glycerophosphocholine

Glycerophosphocholine, a phospholipid breakdown product, reflects systemic lipid turnover and recovery phase metabolism after MI.

Glycine amidinotransferase (GATM)GATM

GATM regulates creatine biosynthesis; metoprolol-induced changes modulate cardiac energetics and remodeling post-MI.

Glycine-ursodeoxycholic acid

GUDCA is a secondary bile acid metabolite altered in acute coronary syndrome reflecting systemic metabolic dysregulation via the gut microbiota.

GPLD1 remodels HDL and lipoprotein structure, influencing reverse cholesterol transport and atherogenesis.

Heat Shock Factor 2 Binding ProteinHSF2BP

HSF2BP variants associate with CAD susceptibility through poorly characterized stress-response or regulatory mechanisms not directly on the atherothrombotic cas

Heat Shock Protein A5 (GRP78/BiP)HSPA5

HSPA5 (GRP78) is induced by ischemic stress and regulates endothelial cell adhesion and survival, contributing to endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic risk.

Hematopoietically expressed homeoboxHHEX

Transcription factor linking metabolic/insulin pathways to coronary artery disease susceptibility.

Hepcidin elevation reflects acute-phase response and systemic iron dysregulation in acute MI, separate from atherothrombotic cascade.

Hexokinase 2HK2

HK2 upregulation supports glucose-dependent ATP production in cardiomyocytes during post-MI remodelling and metabolic stress.

Homovanillic acid sulfate

Catecholamine metabolite sulfate marking systemic oxidative stress and sympathetic activation in atherosclerosis.

Hydrocortisone succinate

Cortisol metabolite elevation post-myocardial reperfusion marks systemic stress hormone and inflammatory response.

Hydroxy-alpha-sanshool

Hydroxy-alpha-sanshool elevation reflects metabolic perturbations in chronic CAD and metformin therapy.

Interleukin-7IL7

IL-7 drives immune activation in acute coronary syndromes via systemic inflammation independent of thrombotic cascade.

Isatin is a tryptophan metabolite with cardioprotective properties in post-MI myocardial repair and recovery.

Islet Cell Autoantigen 1-LikeICA1L

ICA1L variants contribute to blood pressure control and stroke susceptibility.

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine elevation in ACS indicates impaired myocardial fatty-acid oxidation and energy crisis.

Ketone bodies indicate myocardial energetic derangement and metabolic adaptation during ischemic injury.

L-cysteine serves as a systemic biomarker of metabolic/nutritional status influencing cardiovascular risk in acute MI.

L-cysteine sulfinic acid

L-cysteine sulfinic acid reflects systemic oxidative stress and amino acid metabolism alterations in acute MI.

L-Cystine elevation in ACS reflects oxidative stress and altered amino-acid metabolism associated with acute coronary events.

L-Glutamic acid

L-Glutamic acid is an amino acid metabolite whose elevation associates with myocardial infarction via systemic metabolic and neurohormonal pathways.

L-lactic acid dysregulation reflects myocardial ischemia, hypoxia, and metabolic demand–supply mismatch in acute coronary syndrome.

Leukemia Inhibitory FactorLIF

LIF modulates immune responses and tissue repair after myocardial injury but is not mechanistically anchored to the Type 1 MI atherothrombotic cascade.

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (16:1)

Decreased lysophosphatidylethanolamine content predicts heart-failure development after acute myocardial infarction.

Malonate dysregulation is a gender- and age-dependent metabolic signature associated with acute myocardial injury.

Menaquinone supports matrix Gla protein carboxylation and vascular calcification regulation, acting through pathways parallel to atherothrombosis.

Methionine metabolism is altered in CAD and associated with acute MI risk through systemic metabolic derangement.

Methyltransferase-like 3METTL3

METTL3-mediated m6A methylation dysregulation impairs autophagy and promotes inflammation during myocardial ischemia.

METTL26 is a protective gene associated with supernormal coronary-artery phenotype; likely acts via RNA methylation or post-transcriptional mechanisms independe

Mevalonic acid elevation post-myocardial infarction reflects upregulation of cholesterol synthesis, likely a reparative metabolic response.

MicroRNA-26a regulates pathological angiogenesis in myocardial repair but is off-pathway to atherothrombotic occlusion.

Microtubule-Associated Protein 1BMAP1B

A genetic locus influencing coronary artery disease risk in Type 1 diabetes, possibly through neuroinflammatory or endothelial mechanisms.

Mid-regional pro-Adrenomedullin

MR-pro-Adrenomedullin predicts post-MI mortality and heart failure through systemic hemodynamic and neuroendocrine stress signaling.

midregional proadrenomedullin

Midregional proadrenomedullin reflects neurohormonal activation and systemic hemodynamic stress following acute MI.

miR-25-3p is a circulating regulatory RNA associated with cardiac hemodynamic stress and ventricular remodeling.

miR-30a-5p links dysbiotic microbiota-derived dysregulation to intestinal barrier permeability and MI pathogenesis via ABCC1 suppression.

miR-423-3p is a circulating regulatory RNA linked to cardiac hemodynamic stress and post-MI remodeling.

Monoacylglycerols

Lipid metabolites reflect acute perturbation of cardiac lipid metabolism during myocardial ischemia.

MSL2 participates in circadian and metabolic regulation; associated with CAD risk via sleep-duration-dependent mechanisms off the atherothrombotic axis.

Myosin-Binding Protein H-LikeMYBPHL

A genetic locus associated with atherosclerosis risk, potentially affecting myocardial structure or function.

N-acetylmethionine

N-acetylmethionine is a circulating metabolite marker of incident cardiovascular disease with unclear mechanistic role in atherothrombotic MI pathogenesis.

N6-trimethyllysine

N6-trimethyllysine reflects systemic metabolic dysregulation in CAD and AMI risk.

N8-acetylspermidine

N8-acetylspermidine is a polyamine metabolite associated with acute myocardial infarction but not mechanistically linked to atherothrombotic cascade steps.

NAGAT is implicated as a causal mediator of MI risk, but its specific mechanistic role in the atherothrombotic cascade is not defined by available evidence.

NBEAL1 associates with myocardial infarction susceptibility through mechanisms yet to be defined.

NEIL3 DNA GlycosylaseNEIL3

NEIL3 regulates fibroblast proliferation and DNA repair during myocardial remodeling after infarction, contributing to scar formation and ventricular function.

Neurotrophin-3NTF3

Neurotrophin-3 is a trophic factor whose elevation in MI may reflect neuroinflammatory responses and sympathetic remodeling following acute coronary injury.

Norepinephrine elevation during acute MI reflects systemic sympathetic activation independent of atherothrombotic mechanism.

A transcription factor regulating nuclear respiratory genes associated with CAD risk but acting on a systemic metabolic axis.

NT-proANP is a natriuretic peptide marker of cardiac hemodynamic stress and volume overload, reflecting myocardial stretch independent of atherothrombotic mecha

Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 2 Related Factor (NARF)NARF

NARF dysregulation affects vesicular trafficking in cells implicated in MI pathogenesis.

o-Cresol sulfate

Metabolite dysregulated in post-MI cardiac function decline; systemic marker of injury.

Occludin dysfunction impairs intestinal tight junctions, enabling lipopolysaccharide translocation and systemic inflammation in acute MI.

OLF78 chemosensing of short-chain fatty acids regulates systemic blood pressure and vascular hemodynamics in MI risk.

Orosomucoid-2ORM2

Orosomucoid-2 distinguishes Type 1 MI from other troponin-elevated conditions via differential acute-phase response patterns, acting outside the atherothromboti

Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2PITX2

PITX2 genetic variants increase atrial-fibrillation and thrombotic-stroke risk, raising cardioembolic but not atherothrombotic MI susceptibility.

Parathyroid HormonePTH

Parathyroid hormone dysregulation in acute coronary syndrome reflects systemic mineral metabolic disorder off the atherothrombotic pathway.

PDGF receptor-α mediates smooth-muscle-cell recruitment and pro-inflammatory signaling in atherosclerosis.

Glycation end-product pentosidine post-reperfusion marks oxidative injury and extracellular-matrix protein cross-linking.

Phosphatidylcholine (18:2/20:3)

Decreased phosphatidylcholine (18:2/20:3) content predicts heart-failure development after acute myocardial infarction.

PNPLA3 variant modulates hepatic lipid remodeling and circulating lipoprotein lipid composition.

Polycystin 1PKD1

A genetic variant in PKD1 influencing coronary artery disease susceptibility in Type 1 diabetes, likely through vascular or renal dysfunction.

PPFIA4 is a protective gene linked to supernormal coronary-artery phenotype; regulates cell-cell adhesion and endothelial integrity via developmental mechanisms

Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 1PBX1

PBX1 is a protective gene associated with supernormal coronary-artery phenotype; acts via developmental/endothelial pathways independent of atherothrombotic cas

Pregnancy Zone ProteinPZP

Pregnancy zone protein functions as an immune regulator and acute-phase marker in early-onset myocardial infarction.

Pregnenolone metabolites

Steroidogenic metabolite perturbations reflect acute systemic metabolic and neurohormonal stress response in MI.

Pregnenolone sulfate

Neuroactive steroid depletion post-myocardial infarction marks stress-response hormonal remodeling.

PRKAG2 influences metabolic and hemodynamic regulation; associated with hypertension-mediated CAD risk.

Progesterone accumulation in CYP17A1 deficiency reflects dysregulated lipid and steroid metabolism implicated in atherosclerosis susceptibility.

Proliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenPCNA

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen marks cellular proliferation in post-infarct healing but is off-pathway to atherothrombotic MI.

Proneurotensin is a novel CVD predictor in women, acting through neuroendocrine pathways independent of atherothrombotic mechanisms.

Propionate is a microbiota-derived metabolite that protects against acute coronary syndrome through systemic anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Prospero homeobox protein 1PROX1

PROX1 is a master regulator of lymphatic endothelial identity and vessel development; role in post-MI recovery independent of atherothrombotic cascade.

Phosphatidylserine lipid species reflects membrane remodeling and phosphatidylserine exposure during platelet activation and endothelial injury.

Pulmonary Surfactant Protein DSFTPD

Surfactant protein D is a collectin with immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory roles whose elevated levels in MI reflect systemic innate immune activation.

PVRL2 regulates apolipoprotein C-III expression and plasma triglyceride levels, modifying coronary disease risk.

Ras-Related Protein Rab-7aRAB7A

RAB7A dysregulation affects intracellular trafficking and inflammatory response in MI cells.

RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 (FIP200)RB1CC1

RB1CC1 is a core component of the ULK1 autophagy initiation complex; dysregulation impairs ischemia-reperfusion protection.

Retinoic acid receptor responder 2RARRES2

RARRES2 (chemokine-like) participates in systemic inflammatory remodeling associated with MI risk.

S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine elevation indicates methionine cycle dysregulation accompanying acute coronary syndrome.

SAM depletion post-MI impairs CoQ synthesis and cellular energy production in recovering myocardium.

SCNN1D super-enhancer regulation associates with coronary artery disease susceptibility through altered transcriptional control.

SerotransferrinTF

Serotransferrin distinguishes Type 1 MI from other troponin-elevated diseases via differential iron-handling and systemic metabolic responses independent of ath

Serum Amyloid A2SAA2

SAA2 elevation reflects systemic acute-phase response and plaque inflammation during acute myocardial injury.

Sex hormone-binding globulinSHBG

SHBG is a systemic CAD-risk modifier that regulates sex-hormone bioavailability and influences metabolic and vascular health independent of atherothrombotic cas

SH2B Adaptor Protein 3SH2B3

SH2B3 variants associate with diastolic blood pressure and coronary artery disease predisposition.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

SHC-transforming protein 2SHC2

SHC2 expression reflects post-AMI vascular remodeling and regenerative response rather than plaque initiation or rupture.

short-chain fatty acids

Short-chain fatty acids generated by dysbiotic microbiota act as GPR agonists to modulate blood-pressure and systemic-inflammatory MI risk.

SIPA1 regulates vascular smooth-muscle-cell function and arterial wall remodeling in CAD.

SLIT1 is a protective gene associated with supernormal coronary-artery phenotype; acts via developmental vascular-guidance pathways independent of atherothrombo

SMG6 Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay FactorSMG6

SMG6 genetic variation modulates blood pressure and stroke risk.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

Sodium/Myo-Inositol Cotransporter 1SLC5A3

SLC5A3 (SMIT1) expression reflects myocardial metabolic dysregulation in heart-failure pathophysiology.

Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 3SLC22A3

A genetic susceptibility locus associated with MI risk, with pleiotropic or renal/metabolic effects.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1SAT1

Polyamine acetyltransferase linked to lactate–lactylation signaling in acute myocardial injury.

Sphingomyelin C20:2

Sphingomyelin dysregulation marks adverse myocardial remodeling and contractile dysfunction after acute STEMI.

Stem cell factorKITLG

Stem cell factor (KITLG) mobilizes bone-marrow progenitor cells via KIT signaling to support post-MI myocardial repair and regeneration.

Steroidogenic acute regulatory proteinSTARD1

STARD1-mediated cholesterol transport regulates steroid synthesis and may indirectly influence lipid metabolism in atherosclerosis.

Symmetrical dimethylarginine

Symmetrical dimethylarginine elevation impairs endothelial NO production and marks myocardial remodeling after acute MI.

Taurochenodesoxycholic acid

Taurochenodesoxycholic acid modulates lipid metabolism and bile-acid signaling pathways influencing coronary artery disease risk.

TCF21 controls smooth-muscle-cell differentiation and plaque-remodeling capacity in coronary disease.

TES, associated with immune deficiency, contributes to myocardial infarction risk through systemic immune dysregulation separate from the atherothrombotic casca

Testosterone isobutyrate

Testosterone isobutyrate is a steroid metabolite associated with coronary artery disease risk and systemic metabolic dysregulation.

TMEM105 super-enhancer regulation associates with coronary artery disease susceptibility through altered transcriptional control.

Total sialic acid

Total sialic acid is a systemic acute-phase inflammation marker associated with MI risk but not a specific atherothrombotic mechanism.

Transferrin receptor protein 1TFRC

Iron-dependent oxidative stress and inflammation marker linked to atherosclerotic disease burden.

TransthyretinTTR

Transthyretin amyloidosis and aggregation associates with cardiovascular risk independent of atherothrombotic plaque pathology.

Trimethylamine is oxidized to TMAO, which promotes systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis independent of lipid pathways.

Urotensin IIUTS2

Vasoactive peptide modulating vascular tone and inflammatory signaling in coronary disease.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor BVEGFB

VEGF-B promotes vascular growth and endothelial survival during post-MI recovery but is not part of atherothrombotic rupture or thrombosis.

Vascular endothelial growth factor CVEGFC

VEGF-C promotes cardiac lymphatic regeneration and recovery after MI but does not directly participate in plaque destabilization or acute thrombosis.

VPS29 appears to have cardioprotective function in myocardial infarction, though its precise role in atherothrombotic pathways remains uncharacterized.

VPS8, KICSTOR Complex SubunitVPS8

A cellular trafficking regulator associated with acute MI, potentially linking metabolic or autophagy responses to injury.

WARS2 is a mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; variants predict postoperative atrial fibrillation, a systemic electrophysiologic phenotype.

WD Repeat Domain 12WDR12

WDR12 genetic variation confers CAD predisposition through unknown mechanism.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

WIPI1 serves as an early diagnostic biomarker for acute myocardial infarction, likely reflecting autophagy-related cellular stress responses.

Xanthine, an oxidation product of hypoxanthine, marks myocardial ischemic injury and oxidative stress in acute coronary syndrome.

YIP1 Domain Family Member 3YIPF3

YIPF3 dysregulation affects intracellular trafficking in cells responding to acute MI.

Zinc Finger CCHC-Type Containing 1ZC3HC1

ZC3HC1 variants associate with blood pressure regulation and stroke risk.

Zinc Finger MIZ-Type Containing 1ZMIZ1

ZMIZ1 is a CAD-associated super-enhancer-regulated gene whose contribution to atherothrombotic MI likely operates through cell-type-specific gene regulation.

ZO-1 degradation compromises intestinal-epithelial tight junctions, allowing pathogen-associated molecular pattern translocation and MI-risk systemic inflammati

1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 4AGPAT4

Catalyzes lysophosphatidic acid acylation in glycerolipid biosynthesis; systemic lipid composition and metabolism regulator, not direct atherothrombotic step.

geneticdruggable

Adrenergic receptor alpha-1BADRA1B

Alpha-1B adrenergic stimulation increases vascular resistance and myocardial contractility; chronically elevates blood pressure and cardiac workload.

geneticdruggable

Adrenergic receptor alpha-1DADRA1D

Alpha-1D adrenergic signaling contributes to vasoconstriction, hypertension, and adverse cardiac remodeling in response to chronic stress.

geneticdruggable

Adrenergic receptor beta-1ADRB1

Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation increases cardiac contractility and heart rate, elevating myocardial oxygen demand; dysregulation contributes to ischemia and arrh

geneticdruggable

Adrenergic receptor beta-3ADRB3

Beta-3 adrenergic signaling modulates energy expenditure and vascular function; dysregulation affects metabolic risk and blood pressure control.

geneticdruggable

AIRN Long Noncoding RNAAIRN

Imprinted long noncoding RNA; atherothrombotic mechanism undefined.

Angiotensin II receptor type 1AGTR1

AGTR1 mediates angiotensin II vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion; central to hypertension, vascular inflammation, and thrombotic risk.

geneticdruggable

Ankyrin Repeat and Ubiquitin-Like Domain Containing Protein 1ANKUB1

Function in protein degradation pathways; unclear role in vascular or thrombotic biology.

apolipoprotein C1 pseudogene 1APOC1P1

Non-functional APOC1 pseudogene; lipid metabolism regulatory role unlikely.

arsenic methyltransferaseAS3MT

Arsenic methylation detoxification enzyme; MI risk via arsenic exposure, not intrinsic atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

RNA-binding protein in neuronal contexts; atherothrombotic role undefined.

ATXN2 Antisense RNAATXN2-AS

Antisense transcript to ataxin-2; role in atherothrombosis unestablished.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9BBS9

BBS9 affects primary cilia and metabolic homeostasis; systemic metabolic dysregulation rather than direct plaque involvement.

geneticdruggable

Cytomatrix protein at active zones; unrelated to atherothrombotic cascade.

geneticdruggable

BORCS7-ASMT readthroughBORCS7-ASMT

BORCS7/ASMT readthrough transcript; likely arsenic metabolism function.

Cadherin-related family member 4CDHR4

Cell adhesion protein with uncharacterized role in endothelial or vascular function.

geneticdruggable

Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 CCACNA1C

CACNA1C encodes the primary cardiac L-type calcium channel; dysregulation causes arrhythmia and hypertension via impaired excitation-contraction coupling.

geneticdruggable

Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 DCACNA1D

CACNA1D encodes vascular L-type calcium channel; dysregulation alters vasomotor function and blood pressure control.

geneticdruggable

Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 FCACNA1F

CACNA1F is expressed in retina and regulates visual neurotransmission; minimal direct atherothrombotic relevance.

geneticdruggable

Calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 SCACNA1S

CACNA1S mediates skeletal muscle contraction and energy metabolism; indirect link to cardiac supply-demand balance.

geneticdruggable

Carboxypeptidase A metallopeptidase domain 8 pseudogene 1CPAMD8P1

Non-functional pseudogene; no atherothrombotic mechanism.

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 20CEACAM20

Cell adhesion molecule with uncharacterized function in vascular inflammation or endothelial biology.

geneticdruggable

Caspase-recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated protein-likeCARMAL

Function unknown; no clear link to atherothrombosis or MI risk.

CISD1 pseudogene 1CISD1P1

Non-functional; no role in MI pathogenesis.

Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 102BCCDC102B

Unknown cellular role; no established link to atherothrombosis.

Coiled-coil domain containing 97CCDC97

CCDC97 function unknown; no established atherothrombotic mechanism.

Cut-like homeobox 2CUX2

Transcriptional regulation of cell fate; no established vascular or thrombotic pathway role.

cytochrome P450 family 20 subfamily A member 1CYP20A1

CYP450 enzyme with unknown physiological substrate; no established MI mechanism.

geneticdruggable

Cytosolic arginyltransferase 1CASTOR1

CASTOR1 regulates arginine metabolism and mTOR signaling; no direct plaque or thrombotic involvement.

geneticdruggable

DAL1-related protein 3DALRD3

No established function in MI pathophysiology or vascular biology.

DENN domain-containing protein 2BDENND2B

Vesicular trafficking regulator; no established role in atherothrombosis or MI pathophysiology.

geneticdruggable

Discoidin, CUB And LCCL Domains Containing 1DCBLD1

Unknown role in atherothrombosis; likely off-pathway systemic association.

geneticdruggable

dispatched RND transporter family member 1DISP1

Lipid transporter in developmental signaling; MI role speculative.

geneticdruggable

DNA Cross-Link Repair 1BDCLRE1B

Encodes nuclease involved in interstrand crosslink repair; function in MI pathogenesis unclear.

geneticdruggable

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP2WWP2

E3 ligase with unknown pleiotropic targets; possible indirect modulation of inflammatory signaling.

geneticdruggable

family with sequence similarity 177 member BFAM177B

Function unknown; no established connection to atherothrombosis.

Family with sequence similarity 242, member CFAM242C

Function unknown; no established role in atherosclerosis or MI cascade.

FCH Domain Only Protein 1FCHO1

FCHO1 mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis; unclear role in MI cascade.

geneticdruggable

Fibroblast growth factor 5FGF5

Developmental signaling with systemic hypertension association but unclear MI mechanism.

geneticdruggable

FIGN regulates microtubule dynamics; unclear role in vascular pathology or MI.

FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 5FGD5

Rho-family GEF with unknown role in atherothrombosis; possible indirect platelet cytoskeletal effects.

geneticdruggable

GID Complex Member 4GID4

E3 ligase subunit in protein degradation; function in MI pathogenesis uncharacterized.

geneticdruggable

Guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit beta-1GUCY1B1

GUCY1B1 is the beta subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase; NO-sGC-cGMP signaling promotes vasodilation and endothelial health, limiting atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha 2GUCY1A2

Soluble guanylate cyclase mediates NO-cGMP vasodilation; supply-demand / endothelial function, not atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4HECTD4

Ubiquitin ligase regulating protein degradation; MI-relevant substrates not established.

Hedgehog Interacting Protein Like 2HHIPL2

Hedgehog signaling role in vascular development; no clear MI-cascade involvement.

geneticdruggable

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 AlphaHNF1A

HNF1A variants affect hepatic lipogenesis and glucose homeostasis, modulating systemic metabolic risk factors for atherothrombotic disease.

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-like protein 1HNRNPLP1

RNA metabolism regulator without clear link to atherothrombosis or myocardial injury.

HHIP-like 1HHIPL1

Developmental signaling protein with unclear relevance to atherothrombotic MI cascade.

geneticdruggable

Homocysteine-Regulated Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident Ubiquitin-Like Domain Member 2HERPUD2

HERPUD2 responds to ER stress and homocysteine; may modulate endothelial dysfunction and systemic risk.

geneticdruggable

Insulin receptorINSR

Metabolic and neurohormonal regulator; MI risk primarily via systemic insulin resistance and glycemic state.

geneticdruggable

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 ReceptorIGF2R

Mitogenic receptor; role in MI pathophysiology poorly characterized.

geneticdruggable

Intraflagellar transport protein 81IFT81

Ciliary assembly and motility protein with no established role in atherothrombotic cascade.

Iroquois homeobox 1IRX1

Cardiovascular development; no characterized acute plaque or thrombosis pathway.

Kalirin RhoGEF kinaseKALRN

KALRN regulates dendritic spine development; no established vascular or platelet involvement.

geneticdruggable

Keratin 18 pseudogene 47KRT18P47

Non-functional; no established role in MI pathogenesis.

Long Noncoding RNA OB1LNCOB1

Putative lncRNA with uncharacterized role; mechanism in atherothrombosis unclear.

MAS proto-oncogene, G protein-coupled receptorMAS1

Angiotensin-(1-7) GPCR promoting vasodilation, anti-inflammation, and endothelial protection; opposes RAS pro-thrombotic signaling.

geneticdruggable

Mitochondrial cytochrome b pseudogene 27MTCYBP27

Non-functional pseudogene; no atherothrombotic mechanism.

Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit II Pseudogene 31MTCO2P31

Pseudogene with no established function in atherothrombosis or MI.

Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S6MRPS6

Mitochondrial protein synthesis; role in MI pathophysiology uncharacterized.

geneticdruggable

Mitotic arrest deficient 2-like protein 1MAD2L1

Cell-cycle regulator; no known role in atherothrombosis, vascular inflammation, or platelet function.

geneticdruggable

mortality factor 4 like 1MORF4L1

Chromatin-associated protein; mechanism in MI not characterized.

geneticdruggable

N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 25NAA25

Protein N-terminal acetylation regulator; role in MI pathogenesis unclear.

geneticdruggable

Neuron navigator 2NAV2

Axonal guidance and neuronal migration; no established MI pathway role.

geneticdruggable

Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (mineralocorticoid receptor)NR3C2

Mineralocorticoid receptor activation drives sodium retention, hypertension, and vascular/cardiac remodeling; increases thrombotic and arrhythmic risk.

geneticdruggable

Olfactory Receptor Family 52 Subfamily E Member 4OR52E4

Olfactory GPCR with no established role in vascular or thrombotic biology.

geneticdruggable

Long noncoding RNA with undefined role in atherothrombotic pathophysiology.

PDZ and LIM Domains 5PDLIM5

Sarcomeric protein involved in muscle contraction regulation; indirect MI risk through cardiac remodeling.

geneticdruggable

PDZ domain containing 2PDZD2

Intracellular adaptor protein; mechanism in atherothrombosis unclear.

geneticdruggable

Period circadian regulator 3 pseudogene 1PER3P1

Pseudogene with no protein product; circadian clock effects on systemic risk factors indirect and non-specific.

Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-like 2PLCL2

PLC-family enzyme with uncharacterized function; possible pleiotropic or platelet signaling effects.

Phosphodiesterase 1APDE1A

Modulates intracellular signaling with systemic but non-atherothrombotic primary function.

geneticdruggable

Phosphofructokinase/Fructosebisphosphatase 4PFKFB4

Bifunctional enzyme regulating glycolysis; role in MI via metabolic supply-demand mismatch, not plaque biology.

geneticdruggable

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase 1 Pseudogene 1PRPS1P1

Pseudogene with no protein product; no role in disease pathogenesis.

poly(A) nucleotidase deadenylase complex 1PNLDC1

mRNA 3' poly(A) tail degradation regulator; role in atherothrombosis uncharacterized.

geneticdruggable

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 12PARP12

PARP12 regulates interferon signaling and antiviral response; systemic inflammation marker without specific plaque involvement.

geneticdruggable

Potassium Channel Regulatory Subunit KCNE2KCNE2

Modulates cardiac potassium channels; risk mediated by arrhythmia, not atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 5KCNK5

Background K+ channel regulating cellular tone; direct MI pathway role unclear.

geneticdruggable

PR/SET domain 8PRDM8

Chromatin remodeling and transcriptional control; no direct MI-cascade function characterized.

PRMT5 Pseudogene 1PRMT5P1

Pseudogene with no established biological function in atherothrombosis.

Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase Subunit BetaPCCB

Branched-chain amino-acid catabolism; no direct plaque or thrombosis role.

geneticdruggable

Protein POC1 homolog BPOC1B

Centrosome/cilium structural component; no atherothrombotic or cardiovascular function.

RE1-silencing transcription factorREST

Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor; general chromatin remodeling, unrelated to atherothrombosis.

Ribosomal Protein L30 Pseudogene 9RPL30P9

Pseudogene with no functional role in myocardial infarction cascade.

Ribosomal Protein S1 Pseudogene A22RPSAP22

Pseudogene; no known biological function in atherothrombosis.

Ring Finger Protein 13RNF13

Putative E3 ubiquitin ligase with unknown substrate and role in atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

RIO kinase 1RIOK1

Involved in ribosomal biogenesis; no atherothrombotic or cardiovascular function established.

geneticdruggable

RNA, 5S Ribosomal Pseudogene 225RNA5SP225

Pseudogene with no known role in myocardial infarction pathogenesis.

SAYSVFN domain containing 1SAYSD1

Function unknown; no established connection to atherothrombotic cascade.

Single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1SMUG1

Base excision repair; oxidative stress response not specific to plaque pathology.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2SLC5A2

Renal electrolyte handling with indirect MI risk via glycemic control, not atherothrombotic pathway.

geneticdruggable

Solute carrier family 12 member 3 (NCC)SLC12A3

NCC mediates distal convoluted tubule sodium-chloride reabsorption; variants affect blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

geneticdruggable

Sorting Nexin 18SNX18

Intracellular sorting nexin; unclear link to atherothrombosis or plaque biology.

geneticdruggable

SPC24, NDC80 kinetochore complex componentSPC24

Mitotic spindle assembly; no role in atherosclerosis, plaque, or thrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Stromal antigen 1STAG1

STAG1 ensures chromosomal stability during cell division; no direct atherothrombotic mechanism.

geneticdruggable

SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin Subfamily E Member 1 Pseudogene 4SMARCE1P4

Pseudogene; no known contribution to atherothrombotic cascade.

T-Box Transcription Factor 20TBX20

TBX20 regulates cardiogenesis and myocardial structure; variants affect cardiac geometry and supply-demand balance.

T-Complex Protein 1 Pseudogene 3TCP1P3

Pseudogene with no protein product; unlikely to have biological role in disease.

TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1BTAF1B

TAF1B controls mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism; systemic supply–demand effect without plaque-specific action.

TCF7L2-adjacent regulatory intronic DNA elementTARID

Regulatory region linked to TCFL7L2 glucose metabolism with indirect systemic MI risk.

Testis-expressed sequence 41TEX41

Function uncharacterized; no identified atherosclerosis or thrombosis pathway.

THADA armadillo repeat-containing proteinTHADA

Linked to glucose metabolism; indirect MI risk via diabetes rather than atherothrombotic mechanism.

TRIB1 adjacent locusTRIB1AL

Putative lipid metabolism regulation; mechanism not clearly defined relative to atherothrombosis.

Tribbles pseudokinase 3TRIB3

Metabolic signaling and glucose homeostasis; systemic metabolic risk factor, not plaque cascade.

geneticdruggable

Tripartite Motif Containing 5TRIM5

TRIM5 mediates innate immune sensing; indirect systemic inflammation possible but mechanism to MI unestablished.

Tropomodulin 4TMOD4

Regulates actin dynamics in cardiomyocytes; role in MI risk unclear.

Tubulin alpha 1aTUBA1A

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin alpha 1bTUBA1B

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin alpha 1cTUBA1C

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin alpha 3cTUBA3C

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin alpha 3eTUBA3E

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin alpha 4aTUBA4A

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin beta 2A class IIaTUBB2A

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin beta 2b class IIbTUBB2B

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin beta 3 class IIITUBB3

Structural protein in neuronal cytoskeleton; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin beta 4a class IVaTUBB4A

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin beta 6 class VTUBB6

Cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tubulin beta 8 class IVTUBB8

Tissue-specific cytoskeletal tubulin; unrelated to atherothrombosis.

geneticdruggable

Tudor and KH domain containingTDRKH

TDRKH involved in RNA processing and piRNA biogenesis; no plaque or thrombosis involvement.

Uncharacterized protein FLJ12825FLJ12825

Function unknown; unclear role in myocardial infarction pathogenesis.

Vacuolar protein sorting 33BVPS33B

Intracellular protein trafficking with no established role in atherothrombotic MI pathogenesis.

geneticdruggable

Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1VKORC1

Cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of coagulation factors; systemic lipid/nutrient metabolism, not atherothrombotic mechanism.

geneticdruggable

WBP1-like proteinWBP1L

Unclear role; WD40 proteins involved in diverse cellular processes with no established atherothrombotic function.

geneticdruggable

Zinc finger protein 652ZNF652

Transcriptional regulator with unknown role in MI risk or vascular pathology.

Zinc Finger Protein 77ZNF77

DNA-binding zinc finger protein; no established role in atherothrombotic cascade.