miR-499
rnamiR-499, cardiac-specific microRNA, is released early in myocardial ischemia and necrosis; elevated levels indicate cardiomyocyte damage and endothelial injury.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepMyocardial injury (shared endpoint)
Confidencehigh
RationaleEarly AMI diagnosis biomarker; cardiac injury marker in ischemia-reperfusion; endothelial injury mediator.
Also acts inEndothelial activation/erosion
Druggability
Not assessed (no mapped human gene target).
Type I vs Type II discrimination
ScoresLow-confidence (proxy)
R — rupture / Type-I20
C — confounder / Type-II43
A — assay feasibility50
E — evidence strength16
T1DI (composite)3
Specificity differential (R−C)-22.5
Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)
No confounder evidence retrieved.
Tier: light (literature co-occurrence proxy — lower confidence). See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Class-level default (no specific cleared assay)— generic method inferred from analyte class; confirm against a specific product insert before use.
Specimen
Whole blood or cell-free plasma
Collection tube
PAXgene/Tempus RNA tube · K2/K3-EDTA (lavender-top)
Method / principle
RT-qPCR (TaqMan) or small-RNA sequencing
Reagent / substrate
Target-specific primers/probe; reverse transcriptase (miRNA: stem-loop RT primer)
Platform
qPCR instrument / NGS
Turnaround · availability
Research / send-out · Research (few LDTs)
Literature evidence(6)
- Advancements in Biomarkers for Early Detection and Risk Stratification of Cardiovascular Diseases-A Literature Review.Health science reports · 2025 · PMID 40432692 · doi
- Human Heart Anoxia and Reperfusion Tissue (HEART) Model for the Rapid Study of Exosome Bound miRNA Expression As Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2022 · PMID 35670145 · doi
- Copeptin, miRNA-208, and miRNA-499 as New Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Coronary Syndrome.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2021 · PMID 34637111 · doi
- miR-499 released during myocardial infarction causes endothelial injury by targeting α7-nAchR.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2019 · PMID 31270949 · doi
- Serum miRNA-499 and miRNA-210: A potential role in early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome.IUBMB life · 2016 · PMID 27346801 · doi
- Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans.European heart journal · 2010 · PMID 20159880 · doi