Myocardial injury (shared endpoint)

Cardiomyocyte ischemia and necrosis — the shared endpoint that troponin measures for both MI types; includes early-release injury markers.

254 molecules · 84 druggable · 9 with clinical trials

Canonical markers: cardiac troponin, H-FABP, CK-MB, myoglobin, copeptin

Cardiac troponin ITNNI3

Cardiac troponin I is released from damaged cardiomyocytes following myocardial ischemia and necrosis and is the gold-standard biomarker for acute MI diagnosis,

60 refs2 trialsgeneticdruggable

CK-MBCKM

CK-MB is a cardiac enzyme released following myocardial necrosis and serves as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of infarct size and adverse outcomes in acu

51 refs1 trialsdruggable

Troponin TTNNT2

Cardiac troponin T is released from damaged cardiomyocytes following myocardial ischemia and necrosis and is the primary biomarker for acute MI diagnosis, progn

47 refs6 trialsgeneticdruggable

H-FABPFABP3

H-FABP is released early from myocardial ischemia and necrosis, serving as an early biomarker of cardiomyocyte injury in acute MI.

18 refs1 trialsdruggable

CopeptinAVP

Copeptin is released in response to myocardial ischemia and necrosis, providing early detection of acute coronary syndrome alongside cardiomyocyte injury.

14 refs5 trialsgeneticdruggable

MyoglobinMB

Myoglobin released from ischemic cardiomyocytes serves as an early biomarker of myocardial infarction and necrotic injury.

14 refsgeneticdruggable

Transforming Growth Factor-BetaTGFB1

TGF-β drives myocardial fibrosis and remodeling following ischemic injury and modulates plaque inflammation via foam cell formation.

12 refsgeneticdruggable

lactate dehydrogenase

LDH is released from ischemic and necrotic myocardium during acute infarction, indicating cardiomyocyte death.

9 refs

acylcarnitines

Acylcarnitines accumulate during ischemic myocardial injury reflecting impaired fatty-acid oxidation and energy metabolism.

8 refs

Creatine Kinase

CK is released from infarcting myocardium upon cardiomyocyte rupture and necrosis, serving as an early marker of myocardial injury in acute MI.

8 refs

Creatine kinase-MB

Creatine kinase-MB is released from necrotic cardiomyocytes, quantifying the extent of myocardial necrosis in acute myocardial infarction.

7 refs

Glutamine

Dysregulated glutamine metabolism in acute myocardial injury reflects impaired amino-acid homeostasis and cardiomyocyte energetics.

7 refs

Ischemia-modified albuminALB

Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is an early albumin modification arising from myocardial ischemia that serves as a sensitive early ACS biomarker preceding tropo

7 refsgeneticdruggable

miR-1

miR-1 is released from ischemic myocardium and dysregulated in MI; elevated levels indicate cardiomyocyte injury and arrhythmia risk.

6 refs

miR-133a

miR-133a is released into circulation upon myocardial necrosis and endothelial injury, serving as a sensitive biomarker for AMI detection.

6 refs

miR-499

miR-499, cardiac-specific microRNA, is released early in myocardial ischemia and necrosis; elevated levels indicate cardiomyocyte damage and endothelial injury.

6 refs

Succinate

Succinate accumulates during myocardial ischemia and generates ROS upon reperfusion, marking cardiomyocyte injury and ischemia-reperfusion damage in STEMI.

6 refs

Cardiac troponin

Cardiac troponin is released from damaged cardiomyocytes upon ischemic necrosis, serving as the diagnostic standard for myocardial infarction.

4 refs7 trials

BaxBAX

Bax activation drives mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization and cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemic injury.

4 refsdruggable

Bcl-2BCL2

Bcl-2 overexpression suppresses Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and protects cardiomyocytes against ischemic necrosis in myocardial infarction.

4 refsdruggable

Cardiac Myosin-Binding Protein CMYBPC3

Cardiac myosin-binding protein C is released into circulation upon cardiomyocyte necrosis, marking myocardial injury in acute MI.

4 refs

Caspase-3CASP3

Caspase-3 activation drives cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia and marks programmed cell death in infarction.

4 refsdruggable

Kynurenic acid

Kynurenic acid, derived from tryptophan metabolism, is downregulated in acute coronary syndromes; reduced levels reflect metabolic dysregulation and impaired ca

4 refs

Taurine

Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid that provides cardioprotection during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and supports long-term post-MI recovery.

4 refs

Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein ZetaYWHAZ

YWHAZ (14-3-3-zeta) is a cardioprotective adaptor protein whose downregulation in acute MI reflects early cardiomyocyte injury and ischemic stress.

4 refsdruggable

creatine

Creatine dysregulation reflects impaired myocardial energetics in acute coronary syndrome and recovery, marking cardiomyocyte ischemic injury and metabolic rest

3 refs

Cytochrome cCYCS

Mitochondrial-release apoptosis and ferroptosis marker indicating programmed cardiomyocyte death during acute ischemic injury.

3 refsdruggable

FasFAS

Fas mediates apoptosis in both cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, contributing to ischemic injury and vascular dysfunction.

3 refsdruggable

Glutathione

Glutathione depletion during myocardial ischemia impairs antioxidant defense and amplifies cardiomyocyte injury.

3 refs

Inosine

Nucleoside byproduct of ATP degradation during myocardial ischemia, signaling rapid cardiomyocyte energy stress.

3 refs

Lactate dehydrogenaseLDHA

Lactate dehydrogenase released from ischemic cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells serves as an acute myocardial injury and tissue-damage marker.

3 refsdruggable

Lysine

Essential amino acid dysregulation in acute MI reflecting altered cardiac protein turnover and ischemic metabolic shift.

3 refs

miR-208

miR-208 is a cardiac-specific microRNA released early in myocardial infarction that serves as a sensitive indicator of cardiomyocyte damage.

3 refs

Myo-inositol

Inositol metabolism perturbation reflects myocardial ischemic stress and membrane phospholipid turnover during cardiac injury.

3 refs

PeriostinPOSTN

POSTN is expressed by infarct-associated fibroblasts and macrophages, driving extracellular matrix remodeling and scar formation after myocardial necrosis.

3 refsdruggable

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-AlphaPPARGC1A

PGC-1α protects cardiomyocytes through mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress reduction.

3 refs1 omicsdruggable

TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 2TNFRSF10B

TRAIL-R2 mediates apoptotic pathways in cardiomyocytes and immune cells, predicting MI incidence and post-MI mortality.

3 refsdruggable

c-KitKIT

c-Kit+ cardiac progenitor cells mobilize in response to myocardial necrosis, contributing to post-MI remodeling and repair.

2 refs1 trialsdruggable

5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan

Tryptophan metabolite upregulated in myocardial necrosis, reflecting cardiomyocyte damage and metabolic stress.

2 refs

Acetylglycine

Acetylglycine elevation identifies acute myocardial infarction and stratifies cardiac prognosis in acute coronary syndromes.

2 refs

cfDNA

Cell-free DNA released from necrotic myocardium, reflecting infarct size and severity in acute myocardial infarction.

2 refs

Dual specificity phosphatase 1DUSP1

DUSP1 dysregulation in acute MI reflects cardiomyocyte ferroptosis and ischemic death signaling.

2 refsdruggable

epoxyeicosatrienoic acids

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are cardioprotective lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid that promote myocardial repair and inflammation resolution.

2 refs

Glutamate

Excitatory amino-acid dysregulation impairs cardiovascular homoeostasis and contributes to ischemic myocardial injury.

2 refs

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 1GOT1

Cytoplasmic transaminase released from cardiomyocyte necrosis reflecting ischemic myocardial injury.

2 refsdruggable

Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 2GOT2

Mitochondrial transaminase release during myocardial necrosis indicating cardiac cell death in acute MI.

2 refsgeneticdruggable

Glutathione peroxidase 3GPX3

GPX3 mitigates oxidative stress during myocardial ischemia and lipoprotein oxidation.

2 refsdruggable

Heat shock protein A8HSPA8

HSPA8 regulates protein quality control and ferroptotic cardiomyocyte death in MIRI.

2 refsdruggable

histidine

Histidine dysregulation associates with myocardial injury severity and acute-phase metabolic derangement in MI progression.

2 refs

JDP2 transcription factorJDP2

JDP2 regulates ferroptotic cardiomyocyte injury and post-MI immune tolerance programs.

2 refs

Lactate Dehydrogenase BLDHB

Lactate dehydrogenase B is released from damaged cardiomyocytes during ischemic necrosis, serving as a biomarker of myocardial infarction.

2 refsdruggable

Linoleoyl carnitine (C18:2)

Ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction generates acylcarnitine biomarkers of myocardial energy depletion.

2 refs

LPC (18:2)

Decreased LPC (18:2) content post-MI reflects myocardial injury, phospholipase-A2 activation, and inflammatory lipid mediator generation.

2 refs

Malate Dehydrogenase

Malate dehydrogenase is a mitochondrial enzyme whose reduced activity and release during myocardial infarction reflects cardiomyocyte necrosis and bioenergetic

2 refs

Mannitol

A polyol metabolite reflecting myocardial metabolic stress and serving as a prognostic marker in acute coronary syndrome.

2 refs

microRNA-19a

miR-19a is released during myocardial ischemia and necrosis, serving as an early circulating biomarker of acute MI.

2 refs

miR-183-5p

miR-183-5p is elevated in NSTEMI and detects acute myocardial injury with diagnostic utility for acute coronary syndromes.

2 refs

miR-208b

miR-208b dysregulation marks myocardial ischemic injury and ischemia-reperfusion stress in acute MI.

2 refs

miR-23a-3p

miR-23a-3p is dysregulated during acute MI, modulating cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and predicting post-MI heart failure.

2 refs

miR-484

miR-484 is acutely elevated during acute myocardial infarction and serves as a diagnostic biomarker for acute coronary events.

2 refs

Peptidylprolyl Isomerase A (Cyclophilin A)PPIA

PPIA downregulation in acute MI reflects disruption of intracellular protein folding and cellular stress in ischemic myocardium.

2 refsgeneticdruggable

Phosphatidic acid

Phospholipid dysregulated in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiomyocyte damage.

2 refs

Serine

An amino acid employed in metabolite-ratio diagnostics for acute myocardial necrosis in STEMI.

2 refs

SLC22A2 (OCT2)SLC22A2

SLC22A2 genetic variation modulates cardiomyocyte acylcarnitine uptake and reperfusion-injury sensitivity.

2 refsgeneticdruggable

Sorbitol

A polyol reflecting myocardial metabolic perturbation and osmotic stress, used in prognostic stratification of acute coronary syndrome risk.

2 refs

Triosephosphate Isomerase 1TPI1

TPI1 release marks cardiomyocyte damage during acute ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury in MI.

2 refsdruggable

Tumor Protein p53TP53

p53 promotes ferritinophagy-driven iron metabolism during myocardial ischemia and contributes to cardiomyocyte death and plaque instability.

2 refsdruggable

xanthosine

Xanthosine alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and ferroptosis, protecting cardiomyocytes through energy metabolism restoration.

2 refs

Carnitine

Carnitine concentration changes reflect myocardial fatty-acid oxidation and energetic stress during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs1 trials

Caspase

Caspase activation executes apoptosis and cleaves contractile proteins in cardiomyocytes during ischemic injury and reperfusion-mediated cell death.

1 refs1 trials

11-Retinol

Vitamin-A metabolite biomarker diagnostic of acute myocardial infarction via metabolic disruption in ischemia.

1 refs

2-Hydroxy-6-aminopurine

2-Hydroxy-6-aminopurine is a nucleotide-derived metabolite elevated in acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

2,5-Dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

Differential metabolite accumulating in post-MI cardiac dysfunction and ischemic injury.

1 refs

3-OH-kynurenine

A kynurenine-pathway metabolite reflecting tryptophan catabolism and ischemic myocardial injury in Type 1 MI.

1 refs

Actin Binding LIM Protein 1ABLIM1

ABLIM1 phosphorylation reflects cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal remodeling and stress response in MI.

1 refs

Actin, Alpha 1ACTA1

ACTA1 upregulation reflects myocardial structural remodeling and cardiomyocyte injury during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Medium ChainACADM

ACADM variants reduce fatty-acid β-oxidation capacity, compromising ATP supply and increasing cardiomyocyte ischemic injury during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Adducin 3ADD3

ADD3 maintains cardiomyocyte sarcomeric integrity and contractility, with expression changes predicting post-infarction ventricular remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

Alpha-galactosidaseGLA

Alpha-galactosidase gene upregulation driving sphingolipid catabolism in ischemia-reperfusion injury.

1 refsdruggable

Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1ANKRD1

ANKRD1 is expressed during cardiomyocyte stress and post-ischemic remodeling.

1 refs

Anthranilic acid

A tryptophan-derived metabolite elevated in STEMI that reflects kynurenine-pathway activation and myocardial ischemic injury.

1 refs

ApoJ-GlycAPOJ

Clusterin (ApoJ) glycoprotein variant released during myocardial ischemia and endothelial injury.

1 refs

Apolipoprotein L1APOL1

Apolipoprotein L1 phosphorylation accompanies acute myocardial injury and inversely correlates with troponin release.

1 refsdruggable

Aquaporin-1AQP1

AQP1 controls myocardial water transport and edema formation during ischemic-reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction.

1 refsdruggable

Aspartic acid

An amino acid component of diagnostic metabolite-ratio panels for distinguishing acute myocardial necrosis.

1 refs

ATP synthase subunit dATP5H

ATP5H dysfunction triggers ferroptotic cardiomyocyte death during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury after coronary occlusion.

1 refs

ATPase Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase 2ATP2A2

ATP2A2 phosphorylation dysregulates calcium homeostasis in ischemic cardiomyocytes following Type 1 MI.

1 refsgeneticdruggable

BCAT1BCAT1

BCAT1 (branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase 1) mediates OXE-R-driven cardioprotection, reducing myocardial ischemic injury in Type 1 MI.

1 refsdruggable

BCL2-Associated Athanogene 3BAG3

BAG3 reflects cardiomyocyte ischemic stress and proteostasis dysfunction during myocardial injury and post-MI remodeling.

1 refs

BCL2L1BCL2L1

BCL2L1 (Bcl-xL) is an anti-apoptotic gene whose downregulation via miR-133a promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis in ischemic injury.

1 refsdruggable

BCL2L13BCL2L13

BCL2L13 suppression by miR-96-5p promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis during myocardial ischemia and infarction.

1 refsdruggable

Bromodomain-containing protein 2BRD2

BRD2 suppresses ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiomyocyte death, reducing myocardial infarction severity.

1 refsdruggable

C-terminal agrin fragment

A proteolytic agrin fragment that marks myocardial necrosis and predicts post-infarction acute kidney injury through systemic inflammatory and ischemic stress p

1 refs

C14:1-OH (14:1 hydroxy-acylcarnitine)

C14:1-OH accumulates during myocardial ischemia due to impaired fatty-acid β-oxidation and reflects cardiomyocyte metabolic stress.

1 refs

Calpain

Calpain mediates calcium-dependent proteolysis of cardiomyocyte structural and contractile proteins during acute myocardial ischemia and necrosis.

1 refs

Cardiac Troponin T/ITNNT2/TNNI3

Cardiac troponins released from injured cardiomyocytes are the diagnostic standard for myocardial infarction detection and risk stratification.

1 refs

Cardiac troponins

Cardiac troponins (I, T, C) are released upon cardiomyocyte necrosis and are the definitive biomarker for myocardial injury in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Caspase-8CASP8

Caspase-8 is released during ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis and serves as an early myocardial-injury marker distinct from troponin.

1 refsdruggable

Chromobox Protein Homolog 3CBX3

CBX3 phosphorylation indicates nuclear/chromatin stress response in ischemic cardiomyocytes.

1 refs

circMap4k2

CircMap4k2 regulates cardiac repair processes and reduces myocardial remodeling following ischemic injury.

1 refs

circPRDM5

circPRDM5 release during acute MI indicates cardiomyocyte necrosis and ischemic injury extent.

1 refs

cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline

STEMI-associated metabolite marker of altered amino-acid catabolism during acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

Complement C1q subcomponent subunit AC1QA

Complement C1q is activated post-infarction by exposure of myocardial autoantigens and contributes to inflammatory myocardial injury.

1 refsdruggable

CPT1ACPT1A

CPT1A inhibition during reperfusion impairs myocardial energy metabolism and elevates acylcarnitine markers.

1 refsdruggable

CRIPTOCRIPTO

CRIPTO is a cardiac developmental factor upregulated as a myocardial injury indicator in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

Cut-Like Homeobox 1CUX1

CUX1 regulates cardiomyocyte-stress responses and post-infarction remodeling, predicting adverse cardiac outcomes.

1 refs

Cystatin BCSTB

Cystatin B is a protease inhibitor released during myocardial ischemia and injury, with levels inversely correlating to left ventricular function.

1 refsdruggable

Cysteic acid

Cysteic acid elevation indicates cysteine oxidation and myocardial oxidative stress during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3CSRP3

CSRP3 is a cardiac-restricted protein released upon cardiomyocyte injury and serves as an early MI damage marker.

1 refs

Cytokine receptor-like factor 1CRLF1

CRLF1 is a post-MI cardiac fibroblast-derived factor that modulates myocardial repair and inflammatory response.

1 refsdruggable

D-aspartic acid

NSTEMI-associated metabolite reflecting altered amino-acid metabolism in acute myocardial stress.

1 refs

Death-Associated Protein Kinase 3DAPK3

DAPK3 promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis and death during myocardial ischemia, exacerbating injury in Type 1 MI.

1 refsdruggable

Decanoylcarnitine

Decanoylcarnitine accumulation reflects impaired mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Dicarboxylacylcarnitines

Dicarboxylacylcarnitine accumulation reflects impaired mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation and energetic crisis in myocardial injury.

1 refs

Dickkopf-4DKK4

DKK4 is a Wnt pathway inhibitor associated with myocardial injury and post-MI remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

Digalactosylceramide

Sphingolipid depleted in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and lipid remodeling.

1 refs

DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4DDIT4

DDIT4 integrates ischemic stress signals and ferroptotic pathways, predicting post-MI cardiac dysfunction.

1 refs

Drp1DNM1L

Drp1 (DNM1L) drives mitochondrial fission during cardiomyocyte ischemia and necrosis in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refsdruggable

DysferlinDYSF

Dysferlin dysfunction impairs cardiomyocyte membrane integrity during ischemic injury, exacerbating myocardial damage.

1 refsdruggable

EIF2AK3EIF2AK3

EIF2AK3 activation by mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cardiomyocyte necrosis during myocardial ischemia.

1 refsdruggable

Enoyl-CoA Isomerase 2ECI2

ECI2 deficiency impairs mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation, reducing ATP production and increasing cardiomyocyte vulnerability to ischemic injury.

1 refsdruggable

ENST00000416860.2

Circulating lncRNA dysregulated in acute myocardial infarction; precise mechanistic role in atherothrombotic cascade undefined.

1 refs

Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4BEIF4B

EIF4B phosphorylation indicates translational stress response in ischemic cardiomyocytes.

1 refsdruggable

FBXO32FBXO32

FBXO32 (atrogin-1) is a muscle-specific E3 ligase elevated during cardiomyocyte damage and proteolysis in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

FENDRRFENDRR

FENDRR regulates ferritinophagy in myocardial ischemia, controlling iron-mediated oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

Ferulic acid

Ferulic acid reflects oxidative stress and phenolic metabolism dysregulation during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Free fatty acid (15:1)

Free fatty acid (15:1) elevation discriminates atherothrombotic MI from Type 2 MI, marking ischemic lipid catabolism.

1 refs

Galactosylceramide

Sphingolipid accumulating in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiomyocyte death.

1 refs

Glucocorticoid steroid metabolites

Stress-induced glucocorticoid metabolites reflect acute systemic perturbation and hemodynamic stress during Type 1 MI.

1 refs

Glucose transporter 1SLC2A1

GLUT1 upregulation facilitates myocardial glucose uptake during ischemia-reperfusion injury.

1 refsdruggable

Glucose transporter 4SLC2A4

GLUT4 dysregulation impairs myocardial glucose handling and energetics during ischemia-reperfusion.

1 refsdruggable

Glutarylglycine

Glutarylglycine elevation identifies acute myocardial infarction and discriminates cardiac-risk phenotypes in acute coronary syndromes.

1 refs

Glycogen Phosphorylase BBPYGB

PYGB (glycogen phosphorylase BB) is released during myocardial ischemia and necrosis, marking acute cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refsdruggable

Granzyme KGZMK

GZMK is a cytotoxic T cell effector molecule contributing to post-MI cardiomyocyte damage.

1 refsdruggable

Guanidineacetic acid

Guanidineacetic acid is a creatine-pathway metabolite elevated during myocardial ischemia and energetic derangement.

1 refs

HECW2HECW2

HECW2 is elevated in acute coronary syndrome but its specific role in atherothrombotic pathophysiology remains to be defined.

1 refs

hsa-miR-186-5p

A circulating microRNA dysregulated in myocardial infarction with utility in early disease detection.

1 refs

hsa-miR-21-3p

A microRNA dysregulated in myocardial infarction that modulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways contributing to ischemic cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

hsa-miR-296-5p

A circulating microRNA dysregulated in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction that modulates angiogenic and vascular responses.

1 refs

hsa-miR-29a-5p

A circulating microRNA dysregulated in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction that regulates fibrotic and inflammatory remodeling.

1 refs

hsa-miR-32-3p

A circulating microRNA dysregulated in myocardial infarction with utility in early disease detection.

1 refs

HtrA2/Omi protease

A mitochondrial serine protease released into circulation during ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis, marking myocardial necrosis in acute ST-elevation infarction.

1 refs

Hydroxynicotinic acid

Nicotinic acid metabolite depletion in myocardial injury marks impaired NAD+ cycling and cardiomyocyte bioenergetic stress.

1 refs

Hydroxyphenyllactic acid

Hydroxyphenyllactic acid elevation reflects myocardial hypoxia and metabolic disturbance during acute infarction.

1 refs

Hypotaurine

Hypotaurine provides antioxidant and cytoprotective functions during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, attenuating cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

Hypoxanthine

Hypoxanthine is an early metabolite marker of myocardial ischemic injury from accelerated purine degradation.

1 refs

Ischaemia-modified albumin

Ischaemia-modified albumin accumulates during acute myocardial ischaemia as a product of hypoxia-induced and oxidative-stress-dependent albumin metal-binding al

1 refs

Isocitric acid

Isocitric acid downregulation in ACS reflects impaired aerobic metabolism and myocardial energy depletion during acute ischemia.

1 refs

KBTBD10KBTBD10

KBTBD10 is a cardiac/muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase elevated during myocardial ischemic injury and proteolytic remodeling in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Krüppel-like factor 5KLF5

KLF5 activation aggravates ischemia-reperfusion injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis during MI.

1 refsdruggable

L-Acetylcarnitine

L-Acetylcarnitine dysregulation reflects impaired myocardial fatty-acid oxidation and energy depletion during STEMI.

1 refs

L-arachidoyl carnitine

L-arachidoyl carnitine accumulates in myocardial necrosis, serving as an early ischemia and cardiomyocyte damage marker.

1 refs

L-Aspartic acid

L-Aspartic acid elevation reflects myocardial necrosis and amino acid loss during acute infarction.

1 refs

L-Glutamate

Glutamate depletion in acute myocarditis marks cardiomyocyte dysfunction and altered mitochondrial metabolism.

1 refs

L-Homocysteine sulfinic acid

L-Homocysteine sulfinic acid elevation reflects oxidative stress and myocardial ischaemia during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Lauroylcarnitine

Lauroylcarnitine accumulation reflects impaired mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

let-7g-5p

let-7g-5p distinguishes unstable angina from overt myocardial infarction through differential expression patterns in ischemic injury.

1 refs

let-7i-5pMIRLET7I

Circulating let-7i-5p serves as an early diagnostic marker of myocardial ischemia in STEMI.

1 refs

LIN28ALIN28A

LIN28A promotes cardiomyocyte survival and metabolic adaptation by upregulating PDK1-mediated glycolysis post-infarction.

1 refs

Linoleoyl carnitine (C18:2-carnitine)

Ischemia-reperfusion impairs mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation, elevating long-chain acylcarnitines as injury markers.

1 refs

Long-chain acylcarnitine (16:1)

Elevated LCAC reflects impaired myocardial fatty-acid β-oxidation during reperfusion ischemia.

1 refs

LPC (18:0)

Decreased LPC (18:0) content post-MI reflects phospholipid catabolism linked to myocardial injury and inflammatory response.

1 refs

LPC (18:3)

Decreased LPC (18:3) content post-MI reflects polyunsaturated-phospholipid catabolism and myocardial injury.

1 refs

LPC (20:0)

Decreased LPC (20:0) content post-MI reflects phospholipid catabolism and myocardial dysfunction severity.

1 refs

LPC (20:3)

Decreased LPC (20:3) content post-MI reflects phospholipid catabolism and myocardial dysfunction progression.

1 refs

LPE (18:2)

Decreased LPE (18:2) content post-MI reflects phospholipid catabolism and severity of myocardial ischemic injury.

1 refs

MARK4MARK4

MARK4 is a microtubule-associated kinase released post-mortem and in severe cardiomyocyte injury during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refsdruggable

microRNA-133

miR-133 is released from ischemic cardiomyocytes during myocardial necrosis, serving as an early injury marker parallel to troponins.

1 refs

microRNA-134-5pMIR134

Circulating miR-134-5p released from ischemic myocardium serves as an early diagnostic biomarker for STEMI.

1 refs

microRNA-140-3p

miR-140-3p is elevated in acute coronary syndrome and marks acute myocardial injury and ischemia.

1 refs

microRNA-181aMIR181A1

Circulating miR-181a reflects myocardial necrosis and inflammatory response in acute MI.

1 refs

microRNA-3149

miR-3149 is dysregulated during acute coronary syndrome and serves as a circulating injury biomarker.

1 refs

miR-106a

miR-106a is elevated during acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

miR-106b-3p

miR-106b-3p is elevated during acute myocardial injury and ischemic stress.

1 refs

miR-122-5p

miR-122-5p circulates as a myocardial injury-release biomarker in acute MI, enabling early detection of cardiomyocyte necrosis.

1 refs

miR-133b

A circulating microRNA downregulated in coronary artery disease that regulates myogenic differentiation and inflammatory responses in ischemic tissue.

1 refs

miR-142-5p

miR-142-5p is elevated in acute myocardial injury and inflammatory stress.

1 refs

miR-144

Circulating miRNA biomarker associated with acute myocardial infarction onset and severity.

1 refs

miR-182-5p

miR-182-5p differentially circulates in acute coronary syndromes, enabling classification of ACS subtypes and MI detection.

1 refs

miR-186

miR-186 dysregulation after MI associates with adverse myocardial remodeling and long-term mortality risk.

1 refs

miR-191

miR-191 is elevated in acute myocardial injury as a circulating biomarker.

1 refs

miR-203

miR-203 is an early circulating biomarker for STEMI onset, marking acute myocardial necrosis ahead of troponin rise.

1 refs

miR-208a

miR-208a is released early from damaged myocardium during acute MI, providing an early detection window for cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

miR-210-3p

miR-210-3p is upregulated in response to myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, differentiating MI from other acute cardiac presentations.

1 refs

miR-425-3p

miR-425-3p is elevated in acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

miR-483-5p

miR-483-5p is upregulated in acute myocardial injury and predicts adverse outcomes independent of troponin.

1 refs

miR-519e-5p

miR-519e-5p expression pattern differentiates acute myocardial infarction from non-infarction ischemia, reflecting cardiomyocyte injury specificity.

1 refs

miR-629

miR-629 is elevated during acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

miR-889

miR-889 is elevated in acute myocardial injury.

1 refs

miR-96-5p

miR-96-5p is elevated in acute myocardial infarction and regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis through suppression of anti-apoptotic BCL2L13.

1 refs

miRNA-210

A hypoxia-inducible microRNA upregulated in response to myocardial ischemia that serves as an early diagnostic marker of acute coronary syndrome.

1 refs

Monocarboxylate transporter 1SLC16A1

MCT1-mediated succinate and lactate efflux during reperfusion reflects cardiomyocyte metabolic dysregulation and injury.

1 refsdruggable

MR-PAMP

MR-PAMP is a myocyte-derived danger signal released during cardiomyocyte necrosis in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

MYDGFMYDGF

MYDGF enhances myocyte survival and cardiac repair following Type 1 MI ischemia.

1 refsdruggable

Myosin Heavy Chain 7MYH7

MYH7 upregulation reflects myocardial injury and dysfunction following ischemic necrosis in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

MYOZ1MYOZ1

MYOZ1 influences cardiomyocyte structural adaptation and remodeling in response to ischemic injury and heart failure.

1 refs

N-Acetyl-L-leucine

N-Acetyl-L-leucine differentiates atherothrombotic MI from supply-demand mismatch, reflecting myocardial amino acid remodeling.

1 refs

NADH Dehydrogenase Ubiquinone Iron-Sulfur Protein 8NDUFA8

NDUFA8 mutations or dysregulation impair mitochondrial energy production, exacerbating cardiomyocyte ischemic injury during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

NADPH oxidase 4NOX4

NOX4-driven NADPH oxidase activity amplifies oxidative stress and myocardial injury during ischemia-reperfusion.

1 refsdruggable

NestinNES

Nestin marks neovessel formation in the infarction zone, indicating cardiomyocyte injury and myocardial remodeling.

1 refs

NFU1 iron-sulfur cluster scaffoldNFS1

NFS1 loss impairs iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, promoting ferroptotic cardiomyocyte injury in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

NMDAR

NMDAR activation mediates excitotoxic calcium overload and mitochondrial damage in ischemic myocardial injury.

1 refs

Nonanoylcarnitine

Nonanoylcarnitine elevation indicates myocardial fatty-acid oxidation perturbation and identifies acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

NRASNRAS

NRAS modulates pathways governing cardiomyocyte ischemia and injury response during acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

NRK-2

NRK-2 mediates metabolic adaptation and survival signaling in ischemic myocardium, potentially modulating cardiomyocyte injury severity.

1 refs

Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4NCOA4

NCOA4 is the selective autophagy receptor for ferritin degradation, controlling labile iron pools and oxidative stress in ischemic cardiomyocytes.

1 refsdruggable

PC (18:2)

Decreased phosphatidylcholine (18:2) content post-MI reflects myocardial membrane degradation and cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

PC (20:0/20:3)

Decreased PC (20:0/20:3) content post-MI reflects myocardial membrane lipid catabolism and cardiomyocyte injury severity.

1 refs

PC (20:3/20:4)

Decreased PC (20:3/20:4) content post-MI reflects eicosanoid-precursor lipid depletion and myocardial dysfunction.

1 refs

PC(22:4/14:1)

Phosphatidylcholine dysregulated in myocardial ischemic injury and post-MI heart failure progression.

1 refs

PDE4D-interacting protein p6

A circulating RNA species that is differentially expressed in NSTEMI and serves as an early diagnostic marker of myocardial injury.

1 refs

PDK1PDK1

PDK1 shifts myocardial metabolism toward glycolysis during ischemia, limiting oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte necrosis.

1 refsdruggable

PE (P-20:0/18:0)

Decreased plasmalogen PE (20:0/18:0) content post-MI reflects oxidative stress-induced myocardial membrane degradation.

1 refs

PE (P-20:1/18:0)

Decreased plasmalogen lipid content post-MI reflects oxidative damage to myocardial membranes and cardiomyocyte injury severity.

1 refs

PE(12:1e/22:0)

Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen dysregulated in myocardial injury and post-MI heart failure.

1 refs

PELATON

PELATON is a circulating RNA whose expression is dysregulated in acute coronary syndromes and may reflect either myocardial injury or vascular inflammation.

1 refs

Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0)

Ischemia-reperfusion injury triggers fatty acid mobilization and mitochondrial lipid catabolism.

1 refs

Perforin 1PRF1

PRF1 is a T cell cytotoxin that contributes to post-MI myocardial injury and dysfunction.

1 refsdruggable

PG (18:1/18:1)

Increased PG (18:1/18:1) content post-MI reflects cardiolipin metabolism alterations and myocardial ischemic injury.

1 refs

Phenylalanine

Branched amino acid dysregulation in acute myocardial infarction marks ischemic metabolic failure and tissue injury.

1 refs

Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen

Phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen provides antioxidant cardioprotection during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

1 refs

Phosphatidylinositol phosphate

Phosphatidylinositol phosphate dysmetabolism during MI reflects impaired phosphoinositide signaling and endothelial activation.

1 refs

Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein BetaPITPNB

PITPNB phosphorylation reflects lipid-signaling dysfunction in ischemic cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

piRNA

piRNAs are emerging circulating biomarkers in CVD; their role in MI appears linked to myocardial injury and inflammatory activation.

1 refs

PLIN1PLIN1

PLIN1 (perilipin-1) regulates myocardial lipid homeostasis and provides cardioprotection by reducing ischemic injury.

1 refsdruggable

Protein Phosphatase ME1PPME1

PPME1 differential regulation distinguishes ischemic Type 1 MI from pressure-overload cardiomyopathy.

1 refsdruggable

PYCR1PYCR1

PYCR1 (pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1) catalyzes proline synthesis and offers cardioprotection, reducing myocardial infarction severity.

1 refsdruggable

Regenerating Islet-Derived Protein 1 AlphaREG1A

REG1A is an acute-phase regenerative protein elevated in acute myocardial infarction, possibly supporting tissue recovery.

1 refsdruggable

RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing

RMRP is a circulating non-coding RNA that discriminates acute MI subtypes and detects acute myocardial injury in coronary syndromes.

1 refs

RNF207RNF207

RNF207 is a cardiac-specific ubiquitin ligase released upon cardiomyocyte injury and necrosis in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

S-Methylglutathione

S-Methylglutathione reflects cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and ischemic injury during acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

SEC31 Homolog ASEC31A

SEC31A differential expression distinguishes ischemic Type 1 MI pathophysiology from hemodynamic overload.

1 refsdruggable

Slit homolog 2SLIT2

SLIT2 is a post-MI cardiac fibroblast-derived paracrine mediator involved in myocardial repair and remodeling.

1 refsdruggable

SM (d18:1/22:0)

Decreased sphingomyelin content post-MI reflects myocardial lipid catabolism and severity of cardiomyocyte injury and dysfunction.

1 refs

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 15

SNHG15 is a circulating long noncoding RNA that increases during acute coronary syndromes, serving as an ACS detection biomarker.

1 refs

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 5

SNHG5 is a circulating long noncoding RNA dysregulated in acute coronary syndromes, enabling early ACS detection.

1 refs

Solute carrier family 1 member 5SLC1A5

SLC1A5 dysregulation in AMI impairs glutamate/cystine exchange, accelerating ferroptotic cardiomyocyte death.

1 refsdruggable

Stem cell antigen-1LY6A

Sca-1+ progenitor cells are mobilized and recruited to infarcted myocardium to support tissue repair and regeneration.

1 refs

Tetraspanin-33TSPAN33

TSPAN33 downregulation in acute MI reflects cardiomyocyte injury and loss of tetraspanin surface expression.

1 refsdruggable

Threonine

Altered plasma amino acid metabolism reflects acute myocardial ischemic stress and cardiomyocyte injury.

1 refs

Threoninyl-glycine

Threoninyl-glycine elevation identifies acute myocardial infarction and discriminates cardiac-risk phenotypes in acute coronary syndromes.

1 refs

TRIM54TRIM54

TRIM54 is a cardiac-specific TRIM family E3 ligase upregulated during myocardial ischemia and necrosis in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refsdruggable

TRIM63TRIM63

TRIM63 (MURF1) is a cardiac-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase released during cardiomyocyte necrosis and protein degradation in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Tripartite motif-containing protein 72TRIM72

TRIM72 controls myocardial injury response and regenerative repair after ischemia.

1 refsdruggable

Tryptophol

An alternative tryptophan catabolite serving as a myocardial-injury marker in STEMI.

1 refs

UCA1UCA1

Long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 dysregulated in acute myocardial infarction diagnosis.

1 refs

Urotensin-related peptide

A vasoactive peptide released during myocardial injury that serves as a biomarker in acute myocardial infarction.

1 refs

Valine

Ischemic stress alters branched-chain amino acid metabolism and protein turnover in cardiomyocytes.

1 refs

Voltage-dependent anion channel 2VDAC2

VDAC2 dysfunction promotes ferroptotic cell death in cardiomyocytes during ischemia-reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction.

1 refsdruggable

Xin Actin-Binding Repeat Protein 2XIRP2

XIRP2 upregulation indicates cardiomyocyte structural remodeling and injury response in acute MI.

1 refsdruggable

XISTXIST

XIST is a circulating long non-coding RNA elevated during acute myocardial injury and ischemia.

1 refs

YTH Domain Family Member 1YTHDF1

YTHDF1 reads m6A methylation marks on ferritinophagy-related transcripts, modulating iron metabolism and oxidative stress in ischemic myocardium.

1 refsdruggable

YTH Domain Family Member 3YTHDF3

YTHDF3 reads m6A methylation marks on ferritinophagy-related transcripts, modulating iron metabolism and oxidative stress in ischemic myocardium.

1 refsdruggable

Myosin Light Chain 2MYL2

Cardiac MYL2 release reflects myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte necrosis/apoptosis post-MI.

geneticdruggable