Growth differentiation factor 15
GDF15proteinGDF15 reflects systemic stress, cardiac injury, and post-infarction remodeling, operating on a parallel outcome axis.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepOff-pathway / systemic markers
Confidencemedium
RationalePleiotropic stress and cardiac remodeling marker; off-axis systemic response to injury.
Also acts inMyocardial injury
Druggability
DruggableYes
Known drugs / candidates0
Small-molecule tractableNo
Antibody tractableYes
EnsemblENSG00000130513
Type I vs Type II discrimination
ScoresShared / rises in both
R — rupture / Type-I100
C — confounder / Type-II78
A — assay feasibility84
E — evidence strength73
T1DI (composite)37
Specificity differential (R−C)+22
Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)
1sepsis / systemic inflammationmag 3
2anemia / acute blood lossmag 2
3hypovolemia / dehydrationmag 3
4tachyarrhythmiamag 2
5hypoxemia / respiratory failuremag 2
6hypertensive emergencyn/a
7high-demand / peri-operative stressmag 2
Coverage: 6/7 confounders with evidence
Tier: deep-scored (abstract-extracted) · 22 supporting references. See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Validated clinical assay
Specimen
Serum or plasma
Collection tube
Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST) · K2/K3-EDTA (lavender-top)
Method / principle
ECL sandwich immunoassay / ELISA
Reagent / substrate
Anti-GDF-15 antibody pair
Platform
Roche Elecsys / ELISA
Turnaround · availability
Send-out · CE/research
Human genetic evidence
0.001
Open Targets association (NSTEMI)
Literature evidence(39)
- Silent Myocardial Infarction Revisited: Immuno-metabolic Mechanisms, Multimodal Biomarkers, and Translational Diagnostics.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2026 · PMID 41784746 · doi
- Proteogenomic Analysis of Coronary Artery Calcification in Human Populations.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026 · PMID 41924874 · doi
- Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Peripheral Artery Disease.Biomolecules · 2025 · PMID 40723863 · doi
- Biomarker panels for improved risk prediction and enhanced biological insights in patients with atrial fibrillation.Nature communications · 2025 · PMID 40744929 · doi
- Association between coronary thrombus composition and microvascular obstruction following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A proof-of-concept study.Medicine · 2025 · PMID 40988197 · doi
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 is Associated With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Death at 30 and 90 Days in Emergency Department Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025 · PMID 41025470 · doi
- Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Clinical Outcomes in Lower Extremity Artery Disease.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2024 · PMID 38296521 · doi
- Proteomic analysis of plasma proteins from patients with cardiac rupture after acute myocardial infarction using TMT-based quantitative proteomics approach.Clinical proteomics · 2024 · PMID 38429673 · doi
- Comprehensive Quality Analysis of Conventional and Novel Biomarkers in Diagnosing and Predicting Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Heart Failure, a Comprehensive Literature Review.Journal of cardiovascular translational research · 2024 · PMID 38995611 · doi
- Clinical characteristics and biomarkers feature analysis using a proteomics platform in young patients with acute coronary syndrome.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024 · PMID 39193498 · doi
- Novel Insight into Inflammatory Pathways in Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Humans.Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis · 2024 · PMID 39466143 · doi
- A Proteomics-Based Approach for Prediction of Different Cardiovascular Diseases and Dementia.Circulation · 2024 · PMID 39540306 · doi
- Growth differentiation factor 15 and cardiovascular risk: individual patient meta-analysis.European heart journal · 2023 · PMID 36303404 · doi
- A Nrf2-OSGIN1&2-HSP70 axis mediates cigarette smoke-induced endothelial detachment: implications for plaque erosion.Cardiovascular research · 2023 · PMID 36804807 · doi
- Biomarkers and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary disease in the ISCHEMIA Trials.American heart journal · 2023 · PMID 37604357 · doi
- Proteomic Correlates of the Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.The American journal of cardiology · 2023 · PMID 37734292 · doi
- Novel predictive role for mid-regional proadrenomedullin in moderate to severe aortic stenosis.Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2022 · PMID 35332049 · doi
- Inflammation and remodeling pathways and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.Scientific reports · 2022 · PMID 35595781 · doi
- Cardiac Biomarkers and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with CKD.Kidney360 · 2022 · PMID 36128494 · doi
- Current Use of Cardiac Biomarkers in Various Heart Conditions.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2021 · PMID 32867665 · doi
- Plasma Protein Profile of Incident Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, and Heart Failure in 2 Cohorts.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021 · PMID 34096334 · doi
- Novel multi-marker proteomics in phenotypically matched patients with ST-segment myocardial infarction: association with clinical outcomes.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2021 · PMID 34708315 · doi
- Large-Scale Plasma Protein Profiling of Incident Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Stroke, and Heart Failure.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021 · PMID 34845919 · doi
- Growth differentiation factor 15 in adverse cardiac remodelling: from biomarker to causal player.ESC heart failure · 2020 · PMID 32424982 · doi
- Growth/Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15): From Biomarker to Novel Targetable Immune Checkpoint.Frontiers in immunology · 2020 · PMID 32508832 · doi
- Adverse Cardiac Remodelling after Acute Myocardial Infarction: Old and New Biomarkers.Disease markers · 2020 · PMID 32626540 · doi
- Use of proteomics to identify biomarkers associated with chronic kidney disease and long-term outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction.Journal of internal medicine · 2020 · PMID 32638487 · doi
- In-depth proteomics approach reveals novel biomarkers of cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction: An exploratory analysis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020 · PMID 32701210 · doi
- Fibrin clot properties independently predict adverse clinical outcome following acute coronary syndrome: a PLATO substudy.European heart journal · 2018 · PMID 29390064 · doi
- Novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: Applications in clinical practice.Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences · 2018 · PMID 30457415 · doi
- GDF-15 and TRAIL-R2 are powerful predictors of long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.European journal of preventive cardiology · 2017 · PMID 28762762 · doi
- Beyond Cholesterol - New Cardiovascular Biomarkers.Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series · 2016 · PMID 26764476 · doi
- Relation of baseline plasma MMP-1 levels to long-term all-cause mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease referred for coronary angiography.Atherosclerosis · 2015 · PMID 25635325 · doi
- Overview of cardiac markers in heart disease.Clinics in laboratory medicine · 2014 · PMID 24507783 · doi
- [Essential cardiac biomarkers in myocardial infarction and heart failure].Herz · 2014 · PMID 25091086 · doi
- Potential clinical application of novel cardiac biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction.Acta medica Indonesiana · 2013 · PMID 24045397
- Growth differentiation factor 15 in cardiovascular diseases: from bench to bedside.Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals · 2011 · PMID 21718220 · doi
- Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction.BMC medicine · 2010 · PMID 20529285 · doi
- Novel biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: update 2010.American heart journal · 2010 · PMID 20934551 · doi