Transforming Growth Factor-Beta
TGFB1proteinTGF-β drives myocardial fibrosis and remodeling following ischemic injury and modulates plaque inflammation via foam cell formation.
Pathway placement
Cascade stepMyocardial injury (shared endpoint)
Confidencemedium
RationaleFibrosis and cardiac remodeling mediator post-MI; modulates foam cell formation.
Also acts inVascular inflammation, Endothelial activation/erosion, Platelet activation, Systemic / off-pathway, Cap degradation / rupture
Druggability
DruggableYes
Known drugs / candidates5
Small-molecule tractableYes
Antibody tractableYes
EnsemblENSG00000105329
Type I vs Type II discrimination
ScoresIndeterminate
R — rupture / Type-I67
C — confounder / Type-II42
A — assay feasibility72
E — evidence strength75
T1DI (composite)34
Specificity differential (R−C)+25
Confounder panel (Type-II drivers)
1sepsis / systemic inflammationmag 2
2anemia / acute blood lossn/a
3hypovolemia / dehydrationmag 0
4tachyarrhythmiamag 2
5hypoxemia / respiratory failuren/a
6hypertensive emergencyn/a
7high-demand / peri-operative stressmag 1
Coverage: 4/7 confounders with evidence
Tier: deep-scored (abstract-extracted) · 16 supporting references. See the discrimination table for all markers.
Assay & specimen
Class-level default (no specific cleared assay)— generic method inferred from analyte class; confirm against a specific product insert before use.
Specimen
Serum or plasma
Collection tube
Serum separator (gold/red-top, SST) · K2/K3-EDTA (lavender-top)
Method / principle
Sandwich immunoassay (ELISA) — research-grade unless a cleared assay exists
Reagent / substrate
Matched anti-target antibody pair (capture + labeled detection)
Platform
ELISA microplate or multiplex (Luminex/MSD)
Turnaround · availability
Send-out / research · Research-grade (no universal clinical assay)
Human genetic evidence
2
GWAS associations
Traits: myocardial infarction
Literature evidence(12)
- Platelet Casein Kinase 2α is a pivotal player in arterial thrombotic occlusion and post-ischemic myocardial remodeling.Cardiovascular research · 2026 · PMID 41556945 · doi
- Platelets as an inter-player between hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis.Journal of internal medicine · 2024 · PMID 38704820 · doi
- Dan-shen Yin attenuates myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction in rats: Molecular mechanism insights by integrated transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation.Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2024 · PMID 39522849 · doi
- Understanding aconite's anti-fibrotic effects in cardiac fibrosis.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2023 · PMID 37924690 · doi
- Spatial Proteomics Analysis of Soft and Stiff Regions in Human Acute Arterial Thrombus.Stroke · 2023 · PMID 37051909 · doi
- Cardioprotective factors against myocardial infarction selected in vivo from an AAV secretome library.Science translational medicine · 2022 · PMID 36044596 · doi
- Angiogenic content of microparticles in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease predicts networks of endothelial dysfunction.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022 · PMID 35109843 · doi
- Study on Proteomics-Based Aortic Dissection Molecular Markers Using iTRAQ Combined With Label Free Techniques.Frontiers in physiology · 2022 · PMID 35910577 · doi
- Genetics links between transforming growth factor β pathway and coronary disease.Atherosclerosis · 2016 · PMID 27596813 · doi
- Temporal neutrophil polarization following myocardial infarction.Cardiovascular research · 2016 · PMID 26825554 · doi
- Integrative functional genomics identifies regulatory mechanisms at coronary artery disease loci.Nature communications · 2016 · PMID 27386823 · doi
- Human pericytes for ischemic heart repair.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2013 · PMID 23165704 · doi